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Chapter 24 & 25 General Study Guide
Chapter 24 and 25 Study Guide - Key Dates, People and Information
Anxiety
Freud (1856-1939)
Introduced psychoanalysis as a method for treating mental illness, focusing on the unconscious mind through techniques such as free association and dream interpretation.
Emphasized the role of sexual repression in shaping human behavior, leading to neuroses.
Proposed concepts such as the id, ego, and superego to explain human psychological processes.
Nietzsche (1844-1900)
Philosopher known for his concept of the "will to power," positing that fundamental driving force in humans is not survival or reproduction but a fundamental will to assert oneself.
Critiqued traditional morality, particularly Christian values, advocating for the idea of the Übermensch (Overman) who creates their own values.
Bergson (1859-1941)
Philosopher recognized for his argument that intuition can provide profound truths not accessible to rational thought.
Introduced the concept of "élan vital," a creative force driving the evolution of life.
Sorel (1847-1922)
Critic of capitalism and supporter of socialism; emphasized the importance of myth in inspiring revolutionary action and solidarity among workers.
Famous for his work "Reflections on Violence," where he argued that the use of violence could be a legitimate tool against capitalism.
Einstein (1879-1955)
Developed the theory of relativity, fundamentally changing the concepts of time, space, and gravity with his equations E=mc² and the implications of time dilation.
His work laid the groundwork for modern physics and enhanced our understanding of cosmology.
Planck (1858-1947)
Introduced quantum theory, which describes the dual nature of matter and energy, leading to breakthroughs in atomic and subatomic physics.
Known for Planck's constant, which is fundamental in the physics of quantum mechanics.
Women’s Suffrage Movement
Start of the Movement: Early 19th century; initial advocacy focused on broader social reform including abolition. Gained traction significantly in the late 1800s as women began organizing more systematically for voting rights.
Big Players:
Susan B. Anthony (1820-1906): Key figure in the American women's suffrage movement, co-founded the National Woman Suffrage Association.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton (1815-1902): Worked alongside Anthony, authored the Declaration of Sentiments, which articulated the injustices faced by women.
Emmeline Pankhurst (1858-1928): British political activist, founded the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) known for its militant tactics.
Role of WWI: Empowered women as they filled roles in the workforce and served in various capacities (nursing, administrative) during the war, shifting societal perceptions and demonstrating women's capabilities, which were instrumental in claims for suffrage.
Political Breakdown
Current Political Situation (End of Century)
Britain: Liberal shift fueled by growing demands for social reform and representation. Reforms led to gradual expansion of voting rights.
France: Struggled with a precarious democracy, leading to political instability, exacerbated by scandals like the Dreyfus Affair, which highlighted issues of anti-Semitism and wrongful conviction.
Austria-Hungary: Ethnic tensions arose among various nationalities, threatening the stability of the empire, with rising nationalism among Czechs, Slavs, and Hungarians.
Ireland: Ongoing conflicts over Home Rule and the push for independence influenced political dynamics, leading to the eventual Irish War of Independence.
Russia: Poor handling of military and political issues by Tsar Nicholas II led to popular unrest, culminating in the 1917 revolutions and the abdication of the Tsar.
Italy: Unified in 1861 but faced regional disparities and economic challenges, leading to social unrest and the rise of nationalist movements.
Germany: Unified under Otto von Bismarck; faced political challenges including conflict between the conservative monarchical system and rising social democratic influences.
Modern Art
Movements:
Impressionism (1870s onwards): Characterized by a focus on capturing light and color, often en plein air (outdoors), exemplified by artists like Claude Monet (1840-1926) who used rapid brush strokes to convey the effects of light.
Post-Impressionism (1880s): Building upon the tenets of Impressionism, but with a more pronounced emphasis on emotional expression and symbolic meaning, represented by artists like Vincent Van Gogh (1853-1890), who used vibrant colors and emotive brushwork to convey feelings.
Modern Art (20th Century): A broad movement including various styles such as Cubism, Surrealism, and Abstract art, challenging traditional aesthetics and techniques, with influential figures like Pablo Picasso and Salvador Dalí redefining visual arts.
World War I
New Imperialism (Late 19th Century): Characterized by the aggressive expansion of European powers into Asian and African territories, driven by the quest for resources, markets, and national prestige.
Key Motivations:
Economic gain through the acquisition of colonies and resources.
National prestige, leading to competition among European powers to acquire vast empires.
Security concerns leading nations to form alliances to protect their interests.
Alliances (Pre-WWI):
Triple Alliance: An alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy aimed at counterbalancing the power of France and Russia.
Triple Entente: A counter alliance of France, Russia, and Great Britain, formed to support each other against the Triple Alliance.
The War
The Great War (1914-1918): Known for trench warfare, high casualties, and battles such as the Somme and Verdun; introduced new military technologies like machine guns, tanks, and chemical warfare.
Russian Revolution (1917)
Who: Led by revolutionary leaders like Vladimir Lenin (1870-1924) and the Bolsheviks, advocating for socialist governance and a proletariat uprising.
What: Overthrew the Tsarist regime, establishing the world's first communist government.
Effect on Russia: Significant social upheaval and the outbreak of a civil war between Red (Bolshevik) and White (anti-Bolshevik) forces.
Effect on the War: Russia's withdrawal from WWI in 1918 due to the internal chaos, allowing Germany to concentrate its resources on the western front.
Treaty of Versailles (1919)
Key Issues: Imposed heavy reparations on Germany, aimed at preventing future aggression; included mandates for disarmament and territorial losses.
Results: Created long-standing resentment within Germany, setting the stage for the rise of fascism and further conflicts leading to WWII.
