Untitled Flashcards Set

abdominal computed tomography: a radiographic procedure that produces a detailed cross-section of the tissue structure within the abdomen.

abdominal ultrasound: a noninvasive test used to visualize internal organs by using very high-frequency sound waves.

abdominocentesis (ab-dom-ih-noh-sen-TEE-sis): surgical puncture of the abdominal cavity to remove fluid.

ablation (ab-LAY-shun): the removal of a body part or the destruction of its function.

abnormal uterine bleeding: a condition characterized by abnormal bleeding during or outside of the menstrual period.

abortion (ah-BOR-shun): the interruption or termination of pregnancy before the fetus is viable.

abrasion (ah-BRAY-zhun): an injury in which superficial layers of skin are scraped or rubbed away.

abruptio placentae (ab-RUP-shee-oh plah-SEN-tee): a disorder in which the placenta separates from the uterine wall before the birth of the fetus.

abscess (AB-sess): a closed pocket containing pus caused by a bacterial infection.

absence seizure: a brief disturbance in brain function in which there is a loss of awareness, often described as a staring episode.

acanthosis nigricans (ak-an-THO-sis NIG-rih-kans): a condition where one or more areas of the skin develop dark, velvety areas of discoloration, usually in skin folds.

ACE inhibitor: medication administered to treat hypertension and congestive heart failure.

acetaminophen (ah-seet-ah-MIN-oh-fen): analgesic that reduces pain and fever but does not relieve inflammation.

Achilles tendinitis (ten-dih-NIGH-tis): inflammation of the Achilles tendon caused by excessive stress being placed on that tendon.

acidosis (ass-eh-DOH-sis): excessive acid in the body fluids.

acne vulgaris (ACK-nee vul-GAY-ris): a chronic inflammatory disease that is characterized by pustular eruptions of the skin caused by an overproduction of sebum around the hair shaft.

acoustic neuroma (new-ROH-mah): a benign brain tumor that develops adjacent to the cranial nerve running from the brain to the inner ear.

acoustic reflectometry: measures how much sound is reflected back from the eardrum.

acquired immunity: immunity obtained by having had a contagious disease.

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: the advanced stage of an HIV infection.

acromegaly (ack-roh-MEG-ah-lee): abnormal enlargement of the extremities caused by excessive secretion of growth hormone after puberty.

acrophobia (ack-roh-FOH-bee-ah): an excessive fear of heights.

actinic keratosis (ack-TIN-ick kerr-ah-TOH-sis): a pre–cancerous skin growth that occurs on sun-damaged skin.

acupressure (AK-que-presh-ur): a traditional Chinese touch therapy involving finger pressure applied to specific areas of the body.

acupuncture (AK-que-punk-tyour): a traditional Chinese medical practice using very thin acupuncture needles inserted into specific points of the body.

acute bronchitis: inflammation of the bronchi usually caused by a viral infection; also known as a chest cold.

acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis: an abnormal growth of bacteria in the mouth.

acute renal failure: sudden onset of kidney failure that may be caused by the kidneys not receiving enough blood.

acute respiratory distress syndrome: a life-threatening condition in which inflammation in the lungs and fluid in the alveoli lead to low levels of oxygen in the blood.

addiction: compulsive, uncontrollable dependence on a substance, habit, or practice.

Addison’s disease (AD-ih-sonz): a condition that occurs when the adrenal glands do not produce enough cortisol or aldosterone.

adenitis (ad-eh-NIGH-tis): inflammation of a gland.

adenocarcinoma (ad-eh-noh-kar-sih-NOH-mah): carcinoma derived from glandular tissue.

adenoma (ad-eh-NOH-mah): benign tumor that starts in the epithelial tissue of a gland or gland-like structure.

adenosis (ad-eh-NOH-sis): any disease or condition of a gland.

adhesion (ad-HEE-zhun): a band of fibrous tissue that holds structures together abnormally.

adhesive capsulitis (ad-HEE-siv kap-suh-LIE-tis): painful ankylosis of the shoulder caused by adhesions forming in the synovial capsule surrounding the shoulder.

adjuvant therapy (AD-jeh-vant): cancer treatment sometimes used after the primary treatments have been completed to decrease the chance that a cancer will recur.

adrenalitis (ah-dree-nal-EYE-tis): inflammation of the adrenal glands.

adverse drug reaction: an undesirable reaction that accompanies the principal response for which the drug was taken.

aerophagia (ay-er-oh-FAY-jee-ah): excessive swallowing of air while eating or drinking.

age spots: discolorations caused by sun exposure.

agoraphobia (ag-oh-rah-FOH-bee-ah): an excessive fear of environments where the person fears a panic attack might occur.

airborne transmission: disease transmission that occurs through contact with germs floating in the air.

airway inflammation: the swelling and clogging of the bronchial tubes with mucus.

airway obstruction: occurs when food or a foreign object partially or completely blocks the airway and prevents air from entering or leaving the lungs.

albinism (AL-bih-niz-um): a genetic condition characterized by a deficiency or absence of pigment in the skin, hair, and irises.

albuminuria (al-byou-mih-NEW-ree-ah): the presence of the protein albumin in the urine.

alcoholism (AL-koh-hol-izm): chronic alcohol dependence with specific signs and symptoms upon withdrawal.

aldosteronism (al-DOSS-teh-roh-niz-em): an abnormality of electrolyte balance caused by the excessive secretion of aldosterone.

allergen (AL-er-jen): a substance that produces an allergic reaction in an individual.

allergic reaction: occurs when the body’s immune system reacts to a harmless allergen as if it were a dangerous invader.

allergic rhinitis (rye-NIGH-tis): an allergic reaction to airborne allergens that causes an increased flow of mucus.

allergy: an overreaction by the body to a particular antigen.

allogenic bone marrow transplant (al-oh-JEN-ick): a transplant in which the recipient receives bone marrow from a compatible donor.

allopathic medicine (ah-low-PAH-thick): conventional Western medical practices and systems of health care.

alopecia (al-oh-PEE-shee-ah): the partial or complete loss of hair, most commonly on the scalp.

alopecia areata: an autoimmune disorder that attacks the hair follicles, causing well-defined bald areas on the scalp or elsewhere on the body.

alopecia totalis: an uncommon condition characterized by the loss of all the hair on the scalp.

alopecia universalis: the total loss of hair on all parts of the body.

alternative medicine: a general term for practices and systems of health care used in place of allopathic medicine.

Alzheimer’s disease (ALTZ-high-merz): a group of disorders involving the parts of the brain that control thought, memory, and language.

amblyopia (am-blee-OH-pee-ah): dimness of vision or the partial loss of sight, especially in one eye, without detectable disease of the eye.

amenorrhea (ah-men-oh-REE-ah): the abnormal absence of menstrual periods for 90 days or more.

ametropia (am-eh-TROH-pee-ah): any error of refraction in which images do not focus properly on the retina.

amnesia (am-NEE-zee-ah): a memory disturbance marked by a total or partial inability to recall past experiences.

amniocentesis (am-nee-oh-sen-TEE-sis): surgical puncture with a needle to obtain a specimen of amniotic fluid to evaluate fetal health and to diagnose certain congenital disorders.

amputation: surgical or accidental removal of a limb.

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ah-my-oh-TROH-fick): a rapidly progressive neurological disease that attacks the nerve cells responsible for controlling voluntary muscles.

anal fissure: a small crack-like sore in the skin of the anus that can cause severe pain during a bowel movement.

analgesic (an-al-JEE-zick): medication that relieves pain without affecting consciousness.

anaphylaxis (an-ah-fih-LACK-sis): a severe, systemic response to an allergen.

anaplasia (an-ah-PLAY-zhee-ah): a change in the structure of cells and in their orientation to each other.

anastomosis (ah-nas-toh-MOH-sis): a surgical connection between two hollow or tubular structures.

androgenic alopecia (an-DROH-jen-ik al-oh-PEE-shee-ah): the most common type of hair loss, called male pattern baldness in men and female pattern baldness in women.

andropause (AN-droh-pawz): marked by the decrease of the male hormone testosterone, gradually beginning in the late 40s and progressing very gradually over several decades.

anemia (ah-NEE-mee-ah): a disorder characterized by lower than normal levels of red blood cells in the blood.

anesthesia (an-es-THEE-zee-ah): the absence of normal sensation, especially sensitivity to pain.

anesthetic (an-es-THET-ick): medication used to induce anesthesia.

aneurysm (AN-you-rizm): a localized weak spot or balloon-like enlargement of the wall of an artery.

aneurysm clipping: a surgical method to isolate an aneurysm from the rest of the circulatory system by placing a small clip across its neck.

angina (an-JIGH-nah): episodes of severe chest pain due to inadequate blood flow to the myocardium.

angiogenesis (an-jee-oh-JEN-eh-sis): the process through which the tumor supports its growth by creating its own blood supply.

angiogram (AN-jee-oh-gram): the film produced by angiography.

angiography (an-jee-OG-rah-fee): a radiographic study of the blood vessels after the injection of a contrast medium.

angioplasty (AN-jee-oh-plas-tee): mechanically widening a narrowed or obstructed blood vessel.

anhidrosis (an-high-DROH-sis): the abnormal condition of lacking sweat in response to heat.

anisocoria (an-ih-so-KOH-ree-ah): a condition in which the pupils are unequal in size.

ankylosing spondylitis (ang-kih-LOH-sing spon-dih-LYE-tis): a form of rheumatoid arthritis that primarily causes inflammation of the joints between the vertebrae.

ankylosis (ang-kih-LOH-sis): the loss or absence of mobility in a joint due to disease, injury, or a surgical procedure.

anomaly (ah-NOM-ah-lee): a deviation from what is regarded as normal.

anorexia (an-oh-RECK-see-ah): the loss of appetite for food, especially when caused by disease.

anorexia nervosa (an-oh-RECK-see-ah ner-VOH-sah): an eating disorder characterized by a false perception of body appearance that leads to an inability to maintain a healthy body weight.

anoscopy (ah-NOS-koh-pee): the visual examination of the anal canal and lower rectum.

anovulation (an-ov-you-LAY-shun): the absence of ovulation when it would normally be expected.

anoxia (ah-NOCK-see-ah): the absence of oxygen from the body’s tissues or organs despite adequate flow of blood.

antacid: medication to relieve indigestion or help peptic ulcers heal by neutralizing stomach acids.

anthrax (AN-thraks): a contagious disease that can be transmitted through livestock.

antiangiogenesis: cancer treatment that disrupts the blood supply to the tumor.

antiarrhythmic (an-tih-ah-RITH-mick): medication administered to control irregularities of the heartbeat.

antibiotic-resistant bacteria: develops when an antibiotic fails to kill all of the bacteria it targets. When this occurs, the surviving bacteria become resistant to that particular drug.

antibiotic: medication capable of inhibiting the growth of or killing pathogenic bacteria.

antibody (AN-tih-bod-ee): a disease-fighting protein created by the immune system in response to the presence of a specific antigen.

anticoagulant (an-tih-koh-AG-you-lant): medication that slows coagulation and prevents new clots from forming.

anticonvulsant (an-tih-kon-VUL-sant): medication that prevents seizures.

antidepressant: medication administered to prevent or relieve depression.

antiemetic (an-tih-ee-MET-ick): medication administered to prevent or relieve nausea and vomiting.

antifungal (an-tih-FUNG-gul): medication that destroys or inhibits the growth of fungi.

antigen (AN-tih-jen): any substance that the body regards as being foreign.

antihistamine: medication administered to relieve or prevent the symptoms of allergic reactions.

antihypertensive (an-tih-high-per-TEN-siv): medication administered to lower blood pressure.

anti-inflammatory: medication administered to relieve inflammation and pain.

antineoplastic (an-tih-nee-oh-PLAS-tick): medication that blocks the development, growth, or proliferation of malignant cells.

antioxidants (an-tie-OX-ih-dants): chemicals such as vitamins A, C, and E, carotene, and lutein that may prevent or delay cell damage.

antipsychotic drug (an-tih-sigh-KOT-ick): medication administered to treat symptoms of severe disorders of thinking and mood that are associated with neurological and psychiatric illnesses.

antipyretic (an-tih-pye-RET-ick): medication administered to prevent or reduce fever.

antispasmodic: medication administered to suppress smooth muscle contractions.

antithyroid drug: medication administered to slow the ability of the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones.

antitussive (an-tih-TUSS-iv): medication administered to prevent or relieve coughing.

anti-VEGF injections: intravitreal injections used to treat wet macular degeneration by slowing the growth of abnormal blood vessels in the eye.

antiviral drug (an-tih-VYE-ral): medication administered to treat viral infections or to provide temporary immunity.

anuria (ah-NEW-ree-ah): the absence of urine formation by the kidneys.

anxiety disorder: mental condition characterized by excessive, irrational dread of everyday situations, or fear that is out of proportion to the real danger in a situation.

anxiolytic drug (ang-zee-oh-LIT-ick): medication administered to temporarily relieve anxiety and reduce tension.

aortic stenosis: a buildup of calcium and fat deposits in the aortic valve, which causes narrowing that prevents the valve from opening fully.

Apgar score: an evaluation of a newborn infant’s physical status.

aphasia (ah-FAY-zee-ah): loss of the ability to speak, write, and/or comprehend the written or spoken word.

aphonia (ah-FOH-nee-ah): the loss of the ability of the larynx to produce normal speech sounds.

aplasia (ah-PLAY-zhee-ah): the defective development or congenital absence of an organ or tissue.

aplastic anemia (ay-PLAS-tick ah-NEE-mee-ah): a condition marked by the absence of all formed blood elements.

apnea (AP-nee-ah or ap-NEE-ah): the absence of spontaneous respiration.

appendectomy (ap-en-DECK-toh-mee): surgical removal of the appendix.

appendicitis (ah-pen-dih-SIGH-tis): inflammation of the appendix.

arrhythmia (ah-RITH-mee-ah): a loss of the normal rhythm of the heartbeat.

arterial blood gas analysis: a test to measure the pH, oxygen, and carbon dioxide levels of arterial blood.

arterial stick: the puncture of an artery to obtain arterial blood.

arteriomalacia (ar-tee-ree-oh-mah-LAY-shee-ah): abnormal softening of the walls of an artery or arteries.

arterionecrosis (ar-tee-ree-oh-neh-KROH-sis): tissue death of an artery or arteries.

arteriosclerosis (ar-tee-ree-oh-skleh-ROH-sis): abnormal hardening of the walls of an artery or arteries.

arteriostenosis (ar-tee-ree-oh-steh-NOH-sis): abnormal narrowing of an artery or arteries.

arteriovenous malformation (ar-tee-ree-oh-VEE-nus): an abnormal connection between the arteries and veins in the brain; may cause a hemorrhagic stroke.

arthralgia (ar-THRAL-jee-ah): pain in one or more joints.

arthritis (ar-THRIGH-tis): an inflammatory condition of one or more joints.

arthrocentesis (ar-throh-sen-TEE-sis): surgical puncture of the joint space to remove synovial fluid for analysis.

arthrodesis (ar-throh-DEE-sis): a surgical procedure to stiffen a joint.

arthroplasty (AR-throh-plas-tee): surgical repair of a damaged joint; also the surgical replacement of a joint with an artificial joint.

arthrosclerosis (ar-throh-skleh-ROH-sis): stiffness of the joints, especially in the elderly.

arthroscopic surgery (ar-throh-SKOP-ick): a minimally invasive procedure for the treatment of the interior of a joint.

arthroscopy (ar-THROS-koh-pee): visual examination of the internal structure of a joint using an arthroscope.

artificial insemination: a technique in which sperm from a woman’s partner or a donor are introduced into the vagina or uterus during the ovulatory phase of her menstrual cycle.

asbestosis (ass-beh-STOH-sis): the form of pneumoconiosis caused by asbestos particles in the lungs.

ascites (ah-SIGH-teez): an abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity.

asphyxia (ass-FICK-see-ah): the loss of consciousness that occurs when the body cannot get the oxygen it needs to function.

aspiration pneumonia (ass-pih-RAY-shun): pneumonia caused by a foreign substance, such as vomit, being inhaled into the lungs.

aspirin: medication that may be recommended in a very small daily dose to reduce the risk of a heart attack or stroke by slightly reducing the ability of the blood to clot.

assisted reproductive technology: techniques used to aid an infertile couple in achieving a viable pregnancy.

assistive listening device: a device that transmits, processes, or amplifies sound and can be used with or without a hearing aid.

asthma (AZ-mah): a chronic inflammatory disease of the bronchial tubes.

astigmatism (ah-STIG-mah-tizm): a condition in which the eye does not focus properly because of uneven curvatures of the cornea.

asystole (ay-SIS-toh-lee): complete lack of electrical activity in the heart.

ataxia (ah-TACK-see-ah): the lack of muscle coordination during voluntary movement.

atelectasis (at-ee-LEK-tah-sis): incomplete expansion of part or all of the lung.

atherectomy (ath-er-ECK-toh-mee): surgical removal of plaque buildup from the interior of an artery.

atheroma (ath-er-OH-mah): a deposit of fatty plaque within the wall of an artery.

atherosclerosis (ath-er-oh-skleh-ROH-sis): hardening and narrowing of the arteries due to a buildup of cholesterol plaque.

atonic (ah-TON-ick): lacking normal muscle tone or strength.

atresia (at-TREE-zee-ah): describes the congenital absence or narrowing of a normal opening or passage.

atrial fibrillation: rapid uncontrolled twitching of the muscular wall of the atria.

atrophy (AT-roh-fee): weakness or wearing away of body tissues and structures.

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a condition characterized by a short attention span and impulsive behavior inappropriate for the child’s developmental age.

audiological evaluation: the measurement of the ability to hear and understand speech sounds based on their pitch and loudness.

audiometry (aw-dee-OM-eh-tree): the use of an audiometer to measure hearing acuity.

auscultation (aws-kul-TAY-shun): listening for sounds within the body, usually done with a stethoscope.

autism spectrum disorder (AW-tizm): a condition with different levels of symptom severity in which a person has difficulty developing normal social relationships and communication skills, may compulsively follow repetitive routines, and has narrowly focused, intense interests.

autoimmune disorder (aw-toh-ih-MYOUN): a condition in which the immune system produces antibodies against the body’s own tissues.

autologous bone marrow transplant (aw-TOL-uh-guss): a transplant utilizing the patient’s own bone marrow that was harvested before treatment began.

automated external defibrillator (dee-fib-rih-LAY-ter): electronic equipment that externally shocks the heart to restore a normal cardiac rhythm.

autopsy (AW-top-see): postmortem (after death) examination.

avascular necrosis: an area of bone tissue death caused by insufficient blood flow.

Ayurvedic medicine (ay-uhr-VEH-dick): traditional Hindu system of medicine.

azoospermia (ay-zoh-oh-SPER-mee-ah): the absence of sperm in the semen.

azotemia (ay-zoh-TEE-mee-ah): an elevation of the blood urea nitrogen (BUN) caused by a lack of blood flow to each kidney.

B

bacilli (bah-SILL-eye): rod-shaped, spore-forming bacteria.

bacteria (back-TEER-ree-ah): one-celled microscopic organisms.

bacterial pneumonia: pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae.

bacterial vaginosis (vaj-ih-NOH-sis): a condition in which there is an abnormal overgrowth of certain bacteria in the vagina.

bactericide (back-TEER-ih-sighd): a substance that causes the death of bacteria.

bacteriuria (back-tee-ree-YOU-ree-ah): the presence of bacteria in the urine.

Baker’s cyst: a fluid-filled sac behind the knee that usually results from a condition such as rheumatoid arthritis triggering the production of excess synovial fluid.

balanitis (bal-ah-NIGH-tis): inflammation of the glans penis.

balloon angioplasty: a treatment procedure to open a partially blocked coronary artery by flattening the plaque deposit and stretching the lumen.

barbiturates (bar-BIT-you-raytz): a class of medications whose major action is a calming or depressed effect on the central nervous system.

bariatric surgery: performed to treat severe obesity by restricting the amount of food that can enter the stomach and be digested.

bariatrics (bayr-ee-AT-ricks): the branch of medicine for the prevention and management of obesity and associated diseases.

barium: a radiopaque contrast medium used primarily to visualize the gastrointestinal tract.

barotrauma (bar-oh-TRAW-mah): pressure-related ear condition.

Barrett’s esophagus: a condition that occurs when the cells in the epithelial tissue of the esophagus are damaged by chronic acid exposure.

basal cell carcinoma: a malignant tumor of the basal cell layer of the epidermis.

behavioral therapy: therapy that focuses on changing behavior by identifying problem behaviors, replacing them with appropriate behaviors, and using rewards or other consequences to make the changes.

Bell’s palsy: temporary paralysis of the seventh cranial nerve that causes paralysis only on the affected side of the face.

benign: something that is not life-threatening.

benign paroxysmal positional vertigo: vertigo resulting from a shift in the location of small crystals in the semicircular canals of the ears.

benign prostatic hyperplasia (high-per-PLAY-zhee-ah): abnormal enlargement of the prostate gland often found in men over 50.

beta-blocker: medication administered to reduce the workload of the heart by slowing the rate of the heartbeat.

bilateral orchiectomy: surgical removal or destruction of both testicles.

binaural testing (bye-NAW-rul or bin-AW-rahl): hearing testing that involves both ears.

biofeedback: treatment that teaches a person to control bodily functions through cognitive control techniques to decrease stress.

bioimpedance spectroscopy (BYE-oh-im-pee-dens): a noninvasive method of diagnosing lymphedema by measuring the limb’s resistance to an electrical current.

biopsy (BYE-op-see): the removal of a small piece of living tissue for examination to confirm or establish a diagnosis.

BiPAP machine: noninvasive ventilation device that can be set at a higher pressure for inhaling and a lower pressure for exhaling.

bipolar disorder: a mental condition characterized by cycles of severe mood changes shifting from highs and severe lows.

bisphosphonates: a class of medications used to slow the loss of bone density due to osteoporosis.

bladder retraining: behavioral training in which the patient learns to urinate on a schedule with increasingly longer time intervals between scheduled urination.

bladder ultrasound: the use of a handheld ultrasound transducer to measure the amount of urine remaining in the bladder after urination.

blepharitis: swelling of the eyelid.

blepharoplasty (BLEF-ah-roh-plas-tee): surgical reduction of the upper and lower eyelids.

blindness: the inability to see.

blood dyscrasia (dis-KRAY-zhee-ah): any pathologic condition of the cellular elements of the blood.

bloodborne transmission: the spread of a disease through contact with infected blood or other body fluids that are contaminated with infected blood.

blood urea nitrogen (you-REE-ah): a blood test performed to determine the amount of urea present in the blood.

body mass index: a number that shows body weight adjusted for height.

bolus (BOH-lus): a single dose of a drug usually injected into a blood vessel over a short period of time.

bone density testing: a diagnostic test to determine losses or changes in bone density.

bone grafting: a surgical procedure using transplanted bone to repair and rebuild bones damaged by injury or disease.

bone marrow biopsy (BYE-op-see): a diagnostic test to determine why blood cells are abnormal or to find a donor match for a bone marrow transplant.

bone marrow transplant: cancer treatment in which abnormal bone marrow is destroyed and replaced with new stem cells.

bone scan: a specialized nuclear scan that identifies new areas of bone growth or breakdown.

borborygmus (bor-boh-RIG-mus): the rumbling noise caused by the movement of gas in the intestine.

Botox: a formulation of botulinum toxin that is administered by injection to temporarily improve the appearance of frown lines between the eyebrows.

brachytherapy (brack-ee-THER-ah-pee): the use of radioactive materials in contact with or implanted into the tissues to be treated.

bradycardia (brad-ee-KAR-dee-ah): an abnormally slow resting heart rate, usually at a rate of less than 60 beats per minute.

bradykinesia (brad-ee-kih-NEE-zee-ah): extreme slowness in movement.

bradypnea (brad-ihp-NEE-ah): an abnormally slow rate of respiration, usually of less than 10 breaths per minute.

brain tumor: an abnormal growth located inside the skull.

Braxton Hicks contractions: intermittent painless uterine contractions that are not true labor pains.

breast augmentation: mammoplasty performed to increase breast size.

breast cancer: carcinoma that develops from the cells of the breast and can spread to adjacent lymph nodes and other body sites.

breast reduction: mammoplasty performed to decrease and reshape excessively large, heavy breasts.

breast self-examination: a self-care procedure for the early detection of breast cancer.

breath test: a test used to diagnose certain intestinal disorders, which is named for the gas being tested.

breech presentation: a birth complication in which the buttocks or feet of the fetus are positioned to enter the birth canal first instead of the head.

bronchiectasis (brong-kee-ECK-tah-sis): permanent thickening of the walls of the bronchi caused by chronic infection and inflammation.

bronchodilator (brong-koh-dye-LAY-tor): an inhaled medication that relaxes and expands the bronchial passages into the lungs.

bronchopneumonia (brong-koh-new-MOH-nee-ah): a localized form of pneumonia often affects the bronchioles.

bronchorrhea (brong-koh-REE-ah): an excessive discharge of mucus from the bronchi.

bronchoscopy (brong-KOS-koh-pee): the visual examination of the bronchi using a bronchoscope.

bronchospasm (BRONG-koh-spazm): a contraction of the smooth muscle in the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles that tighten and squeeze the airway shut.

bruit (BREW-ee): an abnormal sound or murmur heard during auscultation of an artery.

bruxism (BRUCK-sizm): involuntary grinding of the teeth that usually occurs during sleep.

bulimia nervosa (byou-LIM-ee-ah or boo-LEE-mee-ah): an eating disorder characterized by frequent episodes of binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors, such as self-induced vomiting.

bulla (BULL-ah): a large blister that is usually more than 0.5 cm in diameter.

burn: an injury to body tissues caused by heat, flame, electricity, sun, chemicals, or radiation.

burn, first-degree: a burn in which there are no blisters and only superficial damage to the epidermis.

burn, second-degree: a burn in which there are blisters and damage to both the epidermis and the dermis.

burn, third-degree: a burn in which there is damage to the epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous layers, and possibly also the muscle below.

bursitis (ber-SIGH-tis): inflammation of a bursa.

C

cachexia (kah-KEKS-eeh-ah): physical wasting away due to the loss of weight and muscle mass that occurs in patients with diseases such as advanced cancer or AIDS.

calcium channel blocker: medication that causes the heart and blood vessels to relax by decreasing the movement of calcium into the cells of these structures.

calciuria (kal-sih-YOU-ree-ah): the presence of calcium in the urine.

callus (KAL-us): a bulging deposit that forms around the area of the break in a bone; also a thickening of the skin that is caused by repeated rubbing.

cancer: a class of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled division of cells and the ability of these cells to invade other tissues.

candidiasis (kan-dih-DYE-ah-sis): a yeast infection.

canker sores: gray-white pits (aphthous ulcers) with a red border in the soft tissues lining the mouth.

capillary hemangioma (KAP-uh-ler-ee hee-man-jee- OH-mah): a soft, raised, pink, or red vascular birthmark.

carbon monoxide poisoning: a potentially fatal condition in which exposure to carbon monoxide causes high concentrations of carbon monoxide in the bloodstream, interfering with the body’s ability to utilize oxygen.

carbuncle (KAR-bung-kul): a cluster of connected furuncles (boils).

carcinoma (kar-sih-NOH-mah): a malignant tumor that occurs in epithelial tissue.

carcinoma in situ: a malignant tumor in its original position that has not yet disturbed or invaded the surrounding tissues.

cardiac ablation (ab-LAY-shun): a procedure using heat or extreme cold to scar or destroy the heart tissue triggering an abnormal heart rhythm.

cardiac arrest: an event in which the heart abruptly stops beating or develops an arrhythmia that prevents it from pumping blood effectively.

cardiac catheterization (KAR-dee-ack kath-eh-ter-eye-ZAY-shun): a diagnostic and treatment procedure in which a catheter is passed into a vein or artery and guided into the heart.

cardiocentesis (kar-dee-oh-sen-TEE-sis): the puncture of a chamber of the heart for diagnosis or therapy.

cardiomegaly (kar-dee-oh-MEG-ah-lee): abnormal enlargement of the heart.

cardiomyopathy (kar-dee-oh-my-OP-pah-thee): all diseases of the heart muscle.

cardiopulmonary resuscitation: an emergency procedure for life support consisting of artificial respiration and manual external cardiac compression.

carditis (kar-DYE-tis): an inflammation of the heart.

carotid artery stenosis: abnormal narrowing of the carotid artery supplying blood to the brain.

carotid endarterectomy (end-ar-ter-ECK-toh-mee): surgical removal of the lining of a portion of a clogged carotid artery.

carotid ultrasonography: an ultrasound study of the carotid artery performed to predict or diagnose an ischemic stroke.

carpal tunnel release: surgical enlargement of the carpal tunnel or cutting of the carpal ligament to relieve pressure on the median nerve.

carpal tunnel syndrome: swelling that creates pressure on the median nerve as it passes through the carpal tunnel.

cataract (KAT-ah-rakt): the loss of transparency of the lens of the eye.

cataract surgery: general term to describe the surgical removal of a cataract-clouded lens and its replacement with an artificial intraocular lens.

catatonic behavior (kat-ah-TON-ick): behavior marked by a lack of responsiveness, stupor, and a tendency to remain in a fixed posture.

causalgia (kaw-ZAL-jee-ah): persistent, severe, burning pain that usually follows an injury to a sensory nerve.

cauterization (kaw-ter-eye-ZAY-shun): the destruction of tissue by burning.

celiac disease (SEE-lee-ak): an autoimmune disorder characterized by a severe reaction to ingesting gluten.

cellulitis (sell-you-LYE-tis): an acute, rapidly spreading bacterial infection within the connective tissues of the skin.

centesis (sen-TEE-sis): a surgical puncture to remove fluid for diagnostic purposes or to remove excess fluid.

cephalalgia (sef-ah-LAL-jee-ah): headache.

cephalic presentation: when a baby is born head first.

cerebral contusion (SER-eh-bral kon-TOO-zhun): bruising of brain tissue as the result of a head injury that causes the brain to bounce against the skull.

cerebral palsy (SER-eh-bral or seh-REE-bral PAWL-zee): a group of disorders characterized by poor muscle control, spasticity, and other neurologic deficiencies.

cerebrovascular accident (ser-eh-broh-VAS-kyou-lar): brain damage that occurs when blood flow to the brain is disrupted.

cervical cancer: slow-growing squamous cell cancer that develops in the cervix.

cervical dysplasia (SER-vih-kal dis-PLAY-zhee-ah): the presence of precancerous changes in the cells that make up the inner lining of the cervix.

cervical insufficiency: weakened tissue in the cervix.

cervical radiculopathy (rah-dick-you-LOP-ah-thee): nerve pain caused by pressure on the spinal nerve roots in the neck region.

cervicitis (ser-vih-SIGH-tis): inflammation of the cervix.

cesarean section (seh-ZEHR-ee-un SECK-shun): the delivery of a baby through an incision in the maternal abdominal and uterine walls.

chalazion (kah-LAY-zee-on): a nodule or cyst, usually on the upper eyelid, caused by obstruction of a sebaceous gland.

cheilitis (kye-LIGH-tis): inflammation of the lips characterized by crack-like sores at the corners of the mouth.

chemabrasion (keem-ah-BRAY-shun): the use of chemicals to remove the outer layers of skin.

chemoprevention: the use of natural or synthetic substances such as drugs or vitamins to reduce the risk of developing cancer or to reduce the chance that cancer will recur.

chemotherapy: the use of chemical agents and drugs in combinations selected to destroy malignant cells and tissues.

chest x-ray: radiographic view of the chest, used to diagnose disorders of the lungs and heart.

Cheyne–Stokes respiration (CHAYN STOHKS): an irregular pattern of breathing characterized by alternating rapid or shallow respiration followed by slow respiration or apnea.

Chiari malformation: a congenital condition in which part of the cerebellum extends down into the spinal canal.

chiropractic manipulative therapy: a system of mechanical spinal adjustments made by a chiropractor to correct biomechanical problems in the skeleton.

chlamydia (klah-MID-ee-ah): a sexually transmitted disease caused by the bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis.

chloasma (kloh-AZ-mah): a pigmentation disorder characterized by brownish spots on the face.

cholangiography (koh-LAN-jee-og-rah-fee): radiographic examination of the bile ducts with the use of a contrast medium.

cholangitis (koh-lan-JIGH-tis): acute inflammation of the bile duct characterized by pain in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen, fever, and jaundice.

cholecystectomy (koh-luh-sis-TECK-toh-mee): surgical removal of the gallbladder.

cholecystitis (koh-luh-sis-TYE-tis): inflammation of the gallbladder usually associated with gallstones.

cholelithiasis (koh-lee-luh-THIGH-ah-sis): the presence of gallstones in the gallbladder or bile ducts.

cholesteatoma (koh-les-tee-ah-TOH-mah): destructive epidermal cyst in the middle ear made up of epithelial cells and cholesterol.

cholesterol (koh-LES-ter-ol): a fatty substance that travels through the blood and is found in all parts of the body.

cholesterol-lowering drug: medication that is administered to reduce the undesirable cholesterol levels in the blood.

chondromalacia (kon-droh-mah-LAY-shee-ah): abnormal softening of cartilage.

chorionic villus sampling (kor-ee-ON-ick VIL-us): examination of cells retrieved from the chorionic villi between the 11th and 14th weeks of pregnancy.

chronic bronchitis: a disease in which the airways have become inflamed due to recurrent exposure to an inhaled irritant.

chronic fatigue syndrome: a disorder of unknown cause that affects many body systems, with symptoms similar to those of fibromyalgia.

chronic kidney disease: the progressive loss of renal function over months or years.

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a group of lung diseases in which the bronchial airflow is obstructed, making it difficult to breathe out.

chronic venous insufficiency: a condition in which venous circulation is inadequate due to partial vein blockage or leakage of venous valves.

cicatrix (sick-AY-tricks): a normal scar resulting from the healing of a wound.

circumcision (ser-kum-SIZH-un): surgical removal of the foreskin of the penis.

cirrhosis (sih-ROH-sis): a chronic degenerative disease of the liver characterized by scarring.

claustrophobia (klaws-troh-FOH-bee-ah): abnormal fear of being in small or enclosed spaces.

cleft lip: a birth defect resulting in a deep groove of the lip running upward to the nose.

cleft palate: failure of the palate to close during the early development of the fetus that involves the upper lip, hard palate, and/or soft palate.

clinical trials: testing new treatments that have not yet received FDA approval on patients who agree to be part of the research.

closed-angle glaucoma: a type of glaucoma in which the opening between the cornea and iris narrows so that fluid cannot reach the trabecular meshwork.

closed fracture: a fracture in which the bone is broken but there is no open wound in the skin.

closed reduction: the attempted non-surgical realignment of the bone involved in a fracture or joint dislocation.

Clostridium difficile (klos-TRID-ee-um dif-us-SEEL): a bacterial infection common to older adults in hospitals or long-term care facilities.

clubbing: abnormal curving of the nails that is often accompanied by enlargement of the fingertips.

clubfoot: any congenital deformity of the foot involving the ankle bones.

cluster headaches: intensely painful headaches that affect one side of the head and often occur in groups or clusters.

cochlear implant (KOCK-lee-ar): an electronic device that bypasses the damaged portions of the ear and directly stimulates the auditory nerve.

cognition (kog-NISH-un): the mental activities associated with thinking, learning, and memory.

cognitive behavioral therapy: treatment that focuses on changing thoughts that are affecting a person’s emotions and actions.

cold sores: blister-like sores on the lips caused by HSV-1.

colectomy (koh-LECK-toh-mee): surgical removal of all or part of the colon.

collagen replacement therapy: a form of soft-tissue augmentation used to soften facial lines or scars, or to make lips appear fuller.

Colles fracture: a fracture at the lower end of the radius that occurs when a person tries to break a fall by landing on his or her hands.

colonoscopy (koh-lun-OSS-koh-pee): direct visual examination of the inner surface of the colon from the rectum to the cecum.

color blindness: the inability to distinguish certain colors in a normal manner.

colorectal carcinoma: a common form of cancer that often first manifests itself in polyps in the colon.

colostomy (koh-LAHS-toh-mee): surgical creation of an artificial excretory opening between the colon and the body surface.

colporrhaphy (kol-POR-ah-fee): surgical suturing of a tear in the vagina.

colposcopy (kol-POS-koh-pee): direct visual examination of the tissues of the cervix, vagina, and vulva.

coma (KOH-mah): a deep state of unconsciousness marked by the absence of spontaneous eye movements, no response to painful stimuli, and no vocalization.

comedo (KOM-eh-doh): a noninfected lesion formed by the buildup of sebum and keratin in a hair follicle.

comminuted fracture (KOM-ih-newt-ed): a fracture in which the bone is splintered or crushed.

communicable disease (kuh-MEW-nih-kuh-bul): any condition that is transmitted from one person to another by either direct or indirect contact with contaminated objects.

community-acquired pneumonia: any pneumonia that results from contagious infection outside of a hospital or clinic.

compartment syndrome: the compression of nerves and blood vessels due to swelling within the enclosed space created by the fascia that separates groups of muscles.

complementary medicine: practices and systems of health care used to supplement allopathic medicine.

complete blood cell count: a series of blood tests performed as a group to evaluate several blood conditions.

complex regional pain syndrome: chronic nerve pain affecting one limb usually following an injury.

compression fracture: a fracture in which the bone is pressed together on itself.

computed tomography (toh-MOG-rah-fee): an imaging technique that uses a thin, fan-shaped x-ray beam to produce multiple cross-sectional views of the body.

concussion (kon-KUSH-un): a violent shaking up or jarring of the brain.

conductive hearing loss: a hearing loss in which sound waves are prevented from passing from the air to the fluid-filled inner ear.

congenital disorder (kon-JEN-ih-tahl): an abnormal condition that exists at the time of birth.

congenital heart defects: structural abnormalities caused by the failure of the heart to develop normally before birth.

conization (kon-ih-ZAY-shun or koh-nih-ZAY-shun): surgical removal of a cone-shaped section of tissue from the cervix.

conjunctivitis (kon-junk-tih-VYE-tis): inflammation of the conjunctiva, usually caused by an infection or allergy.

conscious: the state of being awake, alert, aware, and responding appropriately.

constipation: having a bowel movement fewer than three times per week.

contact dermatitis: a localized rash caused by repeated contact with an irritant or allergen.

continuous glucose monitoring: a method of constantly tracking blood glucose levels through a tiny sensor inserted under the skin.

contraceptive: a measure taken to lessen the likelihood of pregnancy.

contracture (kon-TRACK-chur): the permanent tightening of fascia, muscles, tendons, ligaments, or skin that occurs when normally elastic connective tissues are replaced with nonelastic fibrous tissues.

contraindication: a factor in the patient’s condition that makes the use of a medication or specific treatment dangerous or ill advised.

contrast medium: a substance used to make visible structures that are otherwise hard to see.

controlled substances: addictive prescription medicines and illegal drugs whose manufacture, possession, and use are regulated by the government.

contusion (kon-TOO-zhun): an injury to underlying tissues without breaking the skin, characterized by discoloration and pain.

core needle biopsy: a technique in which a hollow needle is used to remove small samples of tissue from the breast for diagnosis and the planning of treatment.

corneal abrasion: an injury, such as a scratch or irritation, to the outer layers of the cornea.

corneal transplant: surgical replacement of a scarred or diseased cornea with clear corneal tissue from a donor.

corneal ulcer: an open sore on the cornea caused by an infection or injury.

coronary artery bypass graft: a surgical procedure in which a piece of vein from the leg is implanted on the heart to replace a blocked coronary artery.

coronary artery disease: atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries that reduces the blood supply to the heart muscle.

coronary thrombosis (KOR-uh-nerr-ee throm-BOH-sis): damage to the heart muscle caused by a thrombus blocking a coronary artery.

corticosteroid drug: synthetic hormone that closely resembles the cortisol secreted by the adrenal glands.

cortisone (KOR-tih-sohn): the synthetic equivalent of natural corticosteroids that are administered to suppress inflammation and to act as an immunosuppressant.

costochondritis (kos-toh-kon-DRIGH-tis): inflammation of the cartilage that connects a rib to the sternum.

Coumadin: the brand name for warfarin, an anticoagulant administered to prevent blood clots from forming or growing larger.

cover test: an exam of how the two eyes work together, used to assess binocular vision.

COVID-19 (KOH-vid) is a highly contagious viral infection caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus.

CPAP machine (Continuous Positive Airway Pressure): a noninvasive ventilation device used in the treatment of sleep apnea.

cramp: a painful localized muscle spasm.

cranial hematoma (hee-mah-TOH-mah): a collection of blood trapped in the tissues of the brain.

craniosacral therapy (kray-nee-oh-SAK-ral): the use of gentle touch to help the body release tension in order to correct restrictions resulting from stress on the CNS.

craniotomy (kray-nee-OT-oh-mee): a surgical incision or opening into the skull.

C-reactive protein: a blood test that detects high levels of inflammation within the body.

creatinuria (kree-at-ih-NEW-ree-ah): an increased concentration of creatinine in the urine.

crepitation (krep-ih-TAY-shun): the grating sound heard when the ends of a broken bone move together.

cretinism (CREE-tin-izm): a congenital form of hypothyroidism.

Crohn’s disease: a chronic autoimmune disorder that can occur anywhere in the digestive tract; however, it is most often found in the ileum and in the colon.

crossmatch tests: blood tests performed to determine the compatibility of blood donor and recipient before a transfusion.

croup (KROOP): an acute respiratory infection in children and infants characterized by obstruction of the larynx, hoarseness, and swelling around the vocal cords resulting in a barking cough and stridor.

crust: a collection of dried serum and cellular debris that forms as a barrier over a partial-thickness wound.

cryosurgery: the destruction or elimination of abnormal tissue cells through the application of extreme cold by using liquid nitrogen.

cryptorchidism (krip-TOR-kih-dizm): a developmental defect in which one or both testicles fail to descend into the scrotum.

curettage (kyou-reh-TAHZH): the removal of material from the surface by scraping.

Cushing’s syndrome (KUSH-ingz): a condition caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol.

cyanosis (sigh-ah-NOH-sis): bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes caused by a lack of adequate oxygen in the blood.

cyst: an abnormal sac containing fluid, gas, or a semisolid material.

cystalgia (sis-TAL-jee-ah): pain in the urinary bladder.

cystectomy (sis-TECK-toh-mee): surgical removal of all or part of the urinary bladder.

cystic fibrosis (SIS-tick figh-BROH-sis): a life-threatening genetic disorder in which the lungs and pancreas are clogged with large quantities of abnormally thick mucus.

cystitis (sis-TYE-tis): inflammation of the bladder.

cystocele (SIS-toh-seel): a hernia of the bladder through the vaginal wall.

cystography (sis-TOG-rah-fee): a radiographic examination of the bladder after instillation of a contrast medium via a urethral catheter.

cystolith (SIS-toh-lith): a stone located within the urinary bladder.

cystorrhaphy (sis-TOR-ah-fee): surgical suturing of a wound or defect in the bladder.

cystoscopy (sis-TOS-koh-pee): the visual examination of the urinary bladder using a cystoscope.

cytomegalovirus (sigh-toh-meg-ah-loh-VYE-rus): a type of herpesvirus found in most body fluids.

cytotoxic drug (sigh-toh-TOK-sick): medication that kills or damages cells.

D

dacryoadenitis (dack-ree-oh-ad-eh-NIGH-tis): an inflammation of the lacrimal gland caused by a bacterial, viral, or fungal infection.

dacryocystitis (dack-ree-oh-sis-TYE-tis): an inflammation of the lacrimal sac usually caused by blockage of the lacrimal duct.

deafness: the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear.

debridement (dah-BREED-ment): the removal of dirt, foreign objects, damaged tissue, and cellular debris from a wound to prevent infection and to promote healing.

decibel: commonly used as the measurement of the loudness of sound.

decompressive craniectomy (kray-nee-ECK-toh-mee): surgical removal of a portion of the skull.

decongestant: an oral or intranasal medication administered to relieve nasal congestion from allergies or illness.

deep brain stimulation: a neurosurgical procedure used in the treatment of dystonia, tremors, and Parkinson’s disease.

deep tendon reflexes: testing of reflexes to diagnose disruptions of the nerve supply to the involved muscles.

deep vein thrombosis: the condition of having a thrombus attached to the interior wall of a deep vein.

defibrillation (dee-fib-rih-LAY-shun): the emergency use of electrical shock to restore the heart’s normal rhythm.

dehydration: a condition in which fluid loss exceeds fluid intake and disrupts the body’s normal electrolyte balance.

delirium (deh-LEER-ee-um): an acute condition of confusion, disorientation, disordered thinking and memory, agitation, and hallucinations.

delirium tremens (deh-LEER-ee-um TREE-mens): a disorder involving sudden and severe mental changes or seizures caused by abruptly stopping the use of alcohol.

delusion (dih-LOO-zhun): a false personal belief that is maintained despite obvious proof or evidence to the contrary.

dementia (dih-MEN-shee-ah): a slowly progressive decline in mental abilities including memory, thinking, and judgment that is often accompanied by personality changes.

dental calculus (KAL-kyou-luhs): hardened dental plaque on the teeth.

dental caries (KAYR-eez): an infectious disease that destroys the enamel and dentin of the tooth.

dental implant: the anchoring of a crown, bridge, or denture to the bone of the jaw.

dental plaque (PLACK): a soft deposit consisting of bacteria and bacterial by-products that builds up on the teeth.

dental prophylaxis (proh-fih-LACK-sis): the professional cleaning of the teeth to remove plaque and calculus.

depression: a common mood disorder characterized by lethargy and sadness, as well as a loss of interest or pleasure in normal activities.

dermabrasion (der-mah-BRAY-zhun): a form of abrasion involving the use of a revolving wire brush or sandpaper.

dermatitis (der-mah-TYE-tis): inflammation of the skin.

dermatosis (der-mah-TOH-sis): a general term used to denote skin lesions or eruptions of any type that are not associated with inflammation.

dermoid cyst: benign tumor containing various tissues such as teeth, bone, skin glands, or hair.

developmental disorder: disorder that can result in an anomaly or malformation such as the absence of a limb or the presence of an extra toe.

diabetes insipidus (dye-ah-BEE-teez in-SIP-ih-dus): a condition caused by insufficient production of the antidiuretic hormone or by the inability of the kidneys to respond to this hormone.

diabetes mellitus (dye-ah-BEE-teez MEL-ih-tus): a group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in the body’s production of insulin (type 1) or its ability to use it properly (type 2).

diabetic coma: a diabetic emergency caused by very high or very low blood glucose resulting in unconsciousness.

diabetic ketoacidosis: a life-threatening complication of uncontrolled diabetes caused by a buildup of acids in the blood.

diabetic retinopathy (ret-ih-NOP-ah-thee): damage to the retina as a complication of uncontrolled diabetes.

dialysis (dye-AL-ih-sis): a procedure to remove waste products from the blood of patients whose kidneys no longer function.

diaphoresis: profuse sweating.

diarrhea (dye-ah-REE-ah): the frequent flow of loose or watery stools.

digital rectal examination: a manual examination performed on men to palpate the prostate gland to detect prostate enlargement and look for indicators of prostate cancer.

digitalis (dij-ih-TAL-is): medication that strengthens the heart muscle contractions, slows the heart rate, and helps eliminate fluid from body tissues.

dilation and curettage (dye-LAY-shun and kyou-reh-TAHZH): a surgical procedure in which the cervix is dilated and the endometrium of the uterus is scraped away.

diopter: the unit of measurement of a lens’s refractive power.

diplopia (dih-PLOH-pee-ah): the perception of two images of a single object.

dislocation: the total displacement of a bone from its joint.

dissociative disorders: conditions that occur when normal thought is separated from consciousness.

dissociative identity disorder: a mental illness characterized by the presence of two or more distinct personalities, each with its own characteristics, which appear to exist within the same individual.

diuresis (dye-you-REE-sis): the increased output of urine.

diuretic (dye-you-RET-ick): medication administered to increase urine secretion to rid the body of excess salt and water.

diverticulectomy (dye-ver-tick-you-LECK-toh-mee): surgical removal of a diverticulum.

diverticulitis (dye-ver-tick-you-LYE-tis): inflammation or infection of one or more diverticula in the wall of the colon.

diverticulosis (dye-ver-tick-you-LOH-sis): the chronic presence of an abnormal number of diverticula in the wall of the colon.

diverticulum (dye-ver-TICK-you-lum): a small pouch or sac occurring in the lining or wall of a tubular organ.

Doppler echocardiogram: an ultrasonic diagnostic procedure that measures the speed and direction of the blood flow within the heart.

dorsal recumbent position: position in which the patient is lying on the back, face up, with the knees bent.

Down syndrome: a genetic variation that is associated with characteristic facial appearance, learning disabilities, and physical abnormalities such as heart valve disease.

droplet transmission: the spread of diseases such as measles, cold, and flu through large respiratory droplets sprayed by coughing or sneezing onto a nearby person or object.

drug abuse: the excessive use of illegal drugs or the misuse of prescription drugs.

drug interaction: the result of drugs reacting with each other, often in ways that are unexpected or potentially harmful.

drug overdose: the accidental or intentional use of an illegal drug or prescription medicine in an amount higher than what is safe or normal.

drug-screening urine test: a urine test to identify the presence of one or more drugs of abuse in the body.

dual x-ray absorptiometry (ab-sorp-shee-OM-eh-tree): a low-exposure radiographic measurement of the spine and hips to measure bone density.

ductal carcinoma in situ: breast cancer at its earliest stage before the cancer has broken through the wall of the milk duct.

duplex ultrasound: a diagnostic procedure to image the structures of the blood vessels and the flow of blood through these vessels.

dysentery (DIS-en-ter-ee): a bacterial infection spread through food or water contaminated by human feces.

dyskinesia (dis-kih-NEE-zee-ah): distortion or impairment of voluntary movement.

dyslexia (dis-LECK-see-ah): a learning disability characterized by substandard reading achievement due to the inability of the brain to process symbols correctly.

dysmenorrhea (dis-men-oh-REE-ah): pain caused by uterine contractions during a menstrual period.

dyspareunia (dis-pah-ROO-nee-ah): pain during sexual intercourse.

dyspepsia (dis-PEP-see-ah): pain or discomfort in digestion.

dysphagia (dis-FAY-jee-ah): difficulty in swallowing.

dysphonia (dis-FOH-nee-ah): difficulty in speaking, which may include any impairment in vocal quality.

dysplasia (dis-PLAY-zhee-ah): abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues, or organs, or the presence of abnormal cells within a type of tissue.

dysplastic nevi (dis-PLAS-tick NEE-vye): atypical moles that can develop into skin cancer.

dyspnea (DISP-nee-ah): difficult or labored breathing.

dystonia (dis-TOH-nee-ah): a movement disorder characterized by the involuntary and sometimes repetitive contraction of certain muscles.

dysuria (dis-YOU-ree-ah): difficult or painful urination.

E

ear tubes: tiny ventilating tubes placed through the eardrum to provide ongoing drainage for fluids and to relieve pressure that can build up after childhood ear infections.

ebola (ee-BOH-lah): a rare and generally fatal disease transmitted by contact with any bodily fluids infected with the Ebola virus.

ecchymosis (eck-ih-MOH-sis): a large, irregular area of purplish discoloration due to bleeding under the skin.

echocardiography (eck-oh-kar-dee-OG-rah-fee): an ultrasonic diagnostic procedure used to evaluate the structures and motion of the heart.

eclampsia (eh-KLAMP-see-ah): a serious condition characterized by seizures and coma that can develop during or after pregnancy from uncontrolled preeclampsia.

E. coli: infection caused by the bacteria Escherichia coli, transmitted through improperly cooked, contaminated foods.

ectopic kidney: congenital condition in which one kidney is located in an abnormal position or has fused with the other kidney.

ectopic pregnancy (eck-TOP-ick): a condition in which a fertilized egg is implanted and begins to develop outside of the uterus.

ectropion (eck-TROH-pee-on): the eversion of the edge of an eyelid.

eczema (ECK-zeh-mah): a form of recurring dermatitis characterized by itching, redness, and dryness.

edema (eh-DEE-mah): swelling caused by an abnormal accumulation of fluid in cells, tissues, or cavities of the body.

edentulous: a person without teeth, after the natural permanent teeth have been lost.

electrocardiogram (ee-leck-troh-KAR-dee-oh-gram): a record of the electrical activity of the myocardium.

electrocardiography (ee-leck-troh-kar-dee-OG-rah-fee): the noninvasive process of recording the electrical activity of the myocardium.

electroconvulsive therapy (ee-leck-troh-kon-VUL-siv): a procedure in which small amounts of electric current is passed through the brain, deliberately triggering a brief seizure in order to reverse symptoms of certain mental illnesses.

electrodesiccation (ee-leck-troh-des-ih-KAY-shun): a surgical technique in which tissue is destroyed using an electric spark.

electroencephalography (ee-leck-troh-en-sef-ah-LOG-rah-fee): the process of recording the electrical activity of the brain through the use of electrodes attached to the scalp.

electrolysis: the use of electric current to destroy hair follicles for the removal of undesired hair.

electromyography (ee-leck-troh-my-OG-rah-fee): a diagnostic test that measures the electrical activity within muscle fibers in response to nerve stimulation.

ELISA: the acronym for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, a blood test that is used to screen for the presence of HIV antibodies.

embolism (EM-boh-lizm): the sudden blockage of a blood vessel by an embolus.

embolus (EM-boh-lus): a foreign object, such as a blood clot, a quantity of air or gas, or a bit of tissue or tumor, that is circulating in the blood.

EMDR: an evidence-based treatment for PTSD that involves revisiting traumatic memories while simultaneously focusing on specific bilateral physical stimuli.

emesis (EM-eh-sis): the reflex ejection of the stomach contents outward through the mouth (vomiting).

emphysema (em-fih-SEE-mah): the progressive, long-term loss of lung function, usually due to smoking.

empyema (em-pye-EE-mah): an accumulation of pus in a body cavity.

encephalitis (en-sef-ah-LYE-tis): inflammation of the brain.

encephalocele (en-SEF-ah-loh-seel): a congenital herniation of brain tissue through a gap in the skull.

endemic (en-DEM-ick): refers to the ongoing presence of a disease within a population, group, or area.

endocarditis (en-doh-kar-DYE-tis): inflammation of the inner lining of the heart.

endometrial biopsy (BYE-op-see): a diagnostic test in which a small amount of the tissue lining the uterus is removed for microscopic examination.

endometrial cancer (en-doh-MEE-tree-al): a cancerous growth that begins in the lining of the uterus.

endometriosis (en-doh-mee-tree-OH-sis): a condition in which patches of endometrial tissue escape the uterus and become attached to other structures in the pelvic cavity.

endophthalmitis (end-op-thahl-MYE-tis): inflammation of the intraocular fluids.

endoscope (EN-doh-skope): a small, flexible tube with a light and lens on the end.

endoscopic surgery: a surgical procedure performed through very small incisions with the use of an endoscope and specialized instruments.

endoscopy (en-DOS-koh-pee): the visual examination of the interior of a body cavity or organ.

endotracheal intubation (en-doh-TRAY-kee-al in-too-BAY-shun): the passage of a tube through the mouth into the trachea to establish or maintain an open airway.

end-stage renal disease: the final stage of chronic kidney disease.

enema: the placement of a solution into the rectum and colon to empty the lower intestine through bowel activity.

enteral nutrition: feeding using the digestive system either through normal eating by mouth or via tube feeding.

enteritis (en-ter-EYE-tis): inflammation of the small intestine caused by ingesting substances contaminated with pathogens.

entropion (en-TROH-pee-on): the inversion of the edge of an eyelid.

enucleation (ee-new-klee-AY-shun): the removal of the eyeball, leaving the eye muscles intact.

enuresis (en-you-REE-sis): the involuntary discharge of urine.

eosinophilic esophagitis (ee-oh-sin-ah-FIL-ik eh-sof-ah-JEYE-tis): a chronic immune system disease in which a type of white blood cell builds up in the esophagus, usually as the result of an allergy to certain foods.

epicondylitis (ep-ih-kon-dih-LYE-tis): inflammation of the tissues surrounding the elbow.

epidemic (ep-ih-DEM-ick): a sudden and widespread outbreak of a disease within a specific population group or area.

epidermoid cyst (ep-ih-DER-moyd SIST): a closed sac that is found just under the skin.

epididymitis (ep-ih-did-ih-MY-tis): inflammation of the epididymis.

epidural anesthesia (ep-ih-DOO-ral an-es-THEE-zee-ah): regional anesthesia produced by injecting medication into the epidural space of the lumbar or sacral region of the spine.

epilepsy (EP-ih-lep-see): a chronic neurologic condition characterized by recurrent episodes of seizures of varying severity.

episiotomy (eh-piz-ee-OT-oh-mee): a surgical incision made into the perineum to enlarge the vaginal orifice to prevent tearing of the tissues as the infant moves out of the birth canal.

epispadias (ep-ih-SPAY-dee-as): a congenital abnormality of the urethral opening. In the male this opening is located on the upper surface of the penis; in the female the urethral opening is in the region of the clitoris.

epistaxis (ep-ih-STACK-sis): bleeding from the nose.

erectile dysfunction: the inability of the male to achieve or maintain a penile erection.

ergonomics (er-goh-NOM-icks): the study of the human factors that affect the design and operation of tools and the work environment.

erosion (eh-ROH-zhun): the wearing away of a surface.

eructation (eh-ruk-TAY-shun): the act of belching or raising gas orally from the stomach.

erythema (er-ih-THEE-mah): redness of the skin due to capillary dilation.

erythema multiforme: a skin disorder resulting from a generalized allergic reaction, characterized by a diffuse rash.

erythrocyte sedimentation rate (eh-RITH-roh-sight): a blood test based on the speed with which the red blood cells separate from the plasma and settle to the bottom of a specialized test tube.

erythroderma (eh-rith-roh-DER-mah): abnormal redness of the entire skin surface.

eschar: dead crust-like tissue found in a full-thickness wound.

esophageal varices (eh-sof-ah-JEE-al VAYR-ih-seez): enlarged and swollen veins at the lower end of the esophagus.

esophagogastroduodenoscopy (eh-sof-ah-goh-gas-troh-dew-oh-deh-NOS-koh-pee): the endoscopic examination of the upper GI tract.

esotropia (es-oh-TROH-pee-ah): strabismus characterized by an inward deviation of one or both eyes.

etiology (ee-tee-OL-oh-jee): the study of the causes of diseases.

eupnea (youp-NEE-ah): easy or normal breathing.

exanthem (eck-ZAN-thum): a widespread rash, usually in children.

exfoliative cytology (ecks-FOH-lee-ay-tiv sigh-TOL-oh-jee): a biopsy technique in which cells are scraped from the tissue and examined under a microscope.

exfoliative dermatitis (ecks-FOH-lee-ay-tiv DER-mah-TYE-tis): a condition in which there is widespread scaling of the skin.

exophthalmos (eck-sof-THAL-mos): an abnormal protrusion of the eyeball out of the orbit.

exotropia (eck-soh-TROH-pee-ah): strabismus characterized by the outward deviation of one eye relative to the other.

expectorant: an oral medication that makes it easier to cough up mucus by making it thinner and less viscous.

expectoration (eck-SPEK-toh-ray-shun): the act of coughing up and spitting out saliva, mucus, or other body fluid.

external fixation: a fracture treatment procedure in which pins are placed through the soft tissues and bone so that an external appliance can be used to hold the pieces of bone firmly in place during healing.

extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy: the destruction of kidney stones using high-energy ultrasonic waves traveling through water or gel.

extraoral radiography: dental x-ray in which the film is placed and exposed outside of the mouth.

exudate (ECKS-you-dayt): fluid, such as pus, that leaks out of an infected wound.

F

factitious disorder (fack-TISH-us): a condition in which a person acts as if he or she has a physical or mental illness when he or she is not really sick.

failure to thrive: when someone does not grow as expected due to any number of reasons including malabsorption or malnutrition.

fasciitis (fas-ee-EYE-tis): inflammation of a fascia.

fasciotomy (fash-ee-OT-oh-mee): a surgical incision through a fascia to relieve tension or pressure.

fasting blood sugar: a blood test to measure the glucose levels after the patient has not eaten for 8 to 12 hours.

fat embolus (EM-boh-lus): the release of fat cells from yellow bone marrow into the bloodstream when a long bone is fractured.

febrile seizure: a tonic-clonic seizure that occurs in infants and young children in response to a fever.

fecal microbiota transplantation: the transplant of stool from a healthy donor, used to restore gut bacteria.

fecal incontinence (in-KON-tih-nents): the inability to control the excretion of feces.

fetal alcohol syndrome: condition characterized by growth abnormalities, intellectual disability, brain damage, and socialization difficulties, caused by the mother’s consumption of alcohol during pregnancy.

fetal monitoring: the use of an electronic device to record the fetal heart rate and the maternal uterine contractions during labor.

fetal ultrasound: a noninvasive procedure used to image and evaluate fetal development during pregnancy.

fever: a body temperature of

100

F

°

or higher.

fibrillation (fih-brih-LAY-shun): a potentially life-threatening fast, irregular heartbeat.

fibroadenoma (figh-broh-ad-eh-NOH-mah): a round, rubbery, firm mass that arises from excess growth of glandular and connective tissue in the breast.

fibrocystic breast disease (figh-broh-SIS-tick): the presence of single or multiple benign cysts in the breasts.

fibromyalgia (figh-broh-my-AL-jee-ah): a debilitating chronic condition characterized by fatigue; muscle, joint, or bone pain; and a wide range of other symptoms.

filling: the restoration of a decaying tooth by removing the damaged area and replacing it with material to fill it in.

first trimester screening: prenatal testing performed between 11 and 13 weeks of pregnancy that involves an ultrasound and a finger-stick blood test.

fissure (FISH-ur): a groove or crack-like sore of the skin; also normal folds in the contours of the brain.

fistula (FIS-tyou-lah): an abnormal passage between two internal organs or leading from an organ to the surface of the body.

flatulence (FLAT-you-lens): passage of gas out of the body through the rectum.

floaters: particles of cellular debris that float in the vitreous fluid and cast shadows on the retina.

fluorescein angiography (flew-oh-RES-ee-in an-jee-OG-rah-fee): a photographic study of the blood vessels in the back of the eye following the intravenous injection of a fluorescein dye as a contrast medium.

fluorescein staining (flew-oh-RES-ee-in): the application of a fluorescent dye to the surface of the eye via eye drops or a strip applicator.

fluoroscopy (floo-or-OS-koh-pee): the visualization of body parts in motion by projecting x-ray images on a luminous fluorescent screen.

focal seizure: a seizure involving one part of the brain, which may involve absence seizure-like symptoms and repetitive muscle movements.

Foley catheter: the most common type of indwelling urinary catheter.

folliculitis (foh-lick-you-LYE-tis): inflammation of the hair follicles.

food allergy: an immune system reaction that occurs after eating a certain food.

food-borne and waterborne transmission: disease transmission caused by eating or drinking contaminated food or water that has not been properly treated to remove contamination or kill pathogens that are present.

formulary (FOR-myoo-lah-ree): a list of prescription drugs covered by a specific health care plan.

fracture: a broken bone.

fructosamine test (fruck-TOHS-ah-meen): a blood test that measures average glucose levels over the past three weeks.

functional disorder: a condition that produces symptoms for which no disease or other organic cause can be identified.

functional endoscopic sinus surgery: a surgical procedure performed using an endoscope in which chronic sinusitis is treated by enlarging the opening between the nose and sinus.

functional MRI: an imaging study that detects changes in blood flow in the brain when the patient is asked to perform a specific task.

functional neurologic disorders: disorders characterized by neurologic symptoms without a physical cause.

fungus (FUNG-gus): a simple parasitic organism.

furuncles (FYOU-rung-kulz): large, tender, swollen areas caused by a staphylococcal infection around hair follicles or sebaceous glands.

G

galactorrhea (gah-lack-toh-REE-ah): the production of breast milk in women who are not breast feeding.

gallstone: a hard deposit that forms in the gallbladder and bile ducts.

Gamma knife surgery: a type of radiation treatment for brain tumors.

ganglion cyst: a benign, fluid-filled lump that occurs most commonly on the outer surface of the wrist.

gangrene (GANG-green): tissue death caused by a loss of circulation to the affected tissues.

gastralgia (gas-TRAL-jee-ah): pain in the stomach.

gastritis (gas-TRY-tis): inflammation of the stomach lining.

gastroduodenostomy (gas-troh-dew-oh-deh-NOS- toh-mee): the establishment of an anastomosis between the upper portion of the stomach and the duodenum.

gastrodynia (gas-troh-DIN-ee-ah): pain in the stomach.

gastroenteritis (gas-troh-en-ter-EYE-tis): inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the stomach and intestines.

gastroesophageal reflux disease (gas-troh-eh-sof-ah-JEE-al REE-flucks): the upward flow of acid from the stomach into the esophagus.

gastroparesis (gas-troh-pah-REE-sis): a condition in which gastric motility slows down, causing delayed gastric emptying.

gastrosis (gas-TROH-sis): any disease of the stomach.

gastrostomy tube (gas-TROS-toh-mee): a surgically placed feeding tube from the exterior of the body directly into the stomach.

gender dysphoria (JEN-der dis-FOR-ee-ah): a condition where a person’s sex at birth does not match the gender with which they currently identify, causing significant amounts of stress.

generalized anxiety disorder: a mental condition characterized by chronic, excessive worrying.

genetic disorder: a pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene.

genital herpes (HER-peez): a sexually transmitted disease caused by the herpes simplex virus type 1 or 2.

genital warts: a sexually transmitted disease caused by the human papillomavirus.

gestational diabetes mellitus (jes-TAY-shun-al dye-ah-BEE-teez MEL-ih-tus): the form of diabetes that occurs during some pregnancies.

giardiasis: a diarrheal disease caused by the parasite giardia.

gigantism (jigh-GAN-tiz-em): abnormal growth of the entire body caused by excessive secretion of growth hormone before puberty.

gingivectomy (jin-jih-VECK-toh-mee): surgical removal of diseased gingival tissue.

gingivitis (jin-jih-VYE-tis): inflammation of the gums; the earliest stage of periodontal disease.

glaucoma (glaw-KOH-mah): a group of diseases characterized by increased intraocular pressure that causes damage to the optic nerve and retinal nerve fibers.

glioblastoma: a type of fast-growing, malignant brain tumor that forms from glial cells.

glomerular filtration rate: a blood test to check how well the kidneys are filtering blood.

glomerulonephritis (gloh-mer-you-loh-neh-FRY-tis): a type of nephritis caused by inflammation of the glomeruli.

gluten intolerance: a response to gluten involving digestive distress but not causing the intestinal tissue damage of celiac disease.

glycosuria (glye-koh-SOO-ree-ah): the presence of glucose in the urine.

goiter (GOI-ter): an abnormal, benign enlargement of the thyroid gland.

gonorrhea (gon-oh-REE-ah): a highly contagious sexually transmitted disease caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

gout (GOWT): a type of arthritis characterized by deposits of urate crystals in the joints.

granulation tissue: the tissue that normally forms during the healing of a wound that will become the scar tissue.

granuloma (gran-you-LOH-mah): a general term used to describe a localized area of inflammation, usually in the lungs.

Graves’ disease (GRAYVZ): an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system stimulates the thyroid to make excessive amounts of thyroid hormone.

greenstick fracture: a type of fracture in which the bone is bent and only partially broken.

guided imagery: a type of treatment in which a patient follows verbal prompts to envision a peaceful location and distance him- or herself from current pain or stress.

Guillain-Barré syndrome (gee-YAHN-bah-RAY): inflammation of the myelin sheath of peripheral nerves, characterized by rapidly worsening muscle weakness that may lead to temporary paralysis.

gynecomastia (guy-neh-koh-MAS-tee-ah): the condition of excessive mammary development in the male.

H

halitosis (hal-ih-TOH-sis): an unpleasant odor coming from the mouth.

hallucination (hah-loo-sih-NAY-shun): a sensory perception experienced in the absence of external stimulation.

hallux valgus (HAL-ucks VAL-guss): an abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of the great toe.

hamstring injury: a strain or tear on any of the three hamstring muscles that straighten the hip and bend the knee.

hand, foot, and mouth disease: a mild viral infection common in children under 5 years of age characterized by sores in the mouth and throat and a rash on the hands and feet.

Hashimoto’s disease (hah-shee-MOH-tohz): an autoimmune disease in which the body’s own antibodies attack and destroy the cells of the thyroid gland.

hearing aid: an electronic device worn to correct a hearing loss.

heart block: a congenital or acquired arrhythmia caused by the electrical signal moving through the heart being partially or completely blocked from reaching the ventricles.

heart failure: a chronic condition in which the heart is unable to pump out all of the blood it receives.

heart murmur: an abnormal blowing or clicking sound heard when listening to the heart or neighboring large blood vessels.

heart valve disease: a degenerative disorder that prevents heart valves from opening and closing properly, leading to fatigue, shortness of breath, and lightheadedness.

heat rash: an intensely itchy rash caused by blockage of the sweat glands by bacteria and dead cells.

heat stroke: a medical emergency caused by prolonged exposure to high temperatures.

heel spur: a calcium deposit in the plantar fascia near its attachment to the heel.

HELLP syndrome: a pregnancy complication characterized by hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count.

hemangioma (hee-man-jee-OH-mah): a benign tumor made up of newly formed blood vessels.

hemarthrosis (hem-ar-THROH-sis): blood within a joint.

hematemesis (hee-mah-TEM-eh-sis): the vomiting of blood.

hematochezia (hee-mat-oh-KEE-zee-uh): the presence of bright red blood in the stool.

hematocrit (hee-MAT-oh-krit): a blood test that measures the percentage by volume of red blood cells in a whole blood sample.

hematoma (hee-mah-TOH-mah): a swelling of clotted blood trapped in the tissues.

hematospermia (hee-mah-toh-SPER-mee-ah): the presence of blood in the semen.

hematuria (hee-mah-TOO-ree-ah): the presence of blood in the urine.

hemianopia (hem-ee-ah-NOH-pee-ah): blindness in one half of the visual field.

hemiparesis (hem-ee-pah-REE-sis): slight paralysis or weakness affecting one side of the body.

hemiplegia (hem-ee-PLEE-jee-ah): total paralysis affecting only one side of the body.

Hemoccult test (HEE-moh-kult): a laboratory test for hidden blood in the stool.

hemochromatosis (hee-moh-kroh-mah-TOH-sis): a genetic disorder in which the intestines absorb too much iron.

hemodialysis (hee-moh-dye-AL-ih-sis): a process by which waste products are filtered directly from the patient’s blood.

hemoglobin A1c: a blood test that measures the average blood glucose level over the previous three to four months.

hemolytic anemia (hee-moh-LIT-ick ah-NEE-mee-ah): condition characterized by an inadequate number of circulating red blood cells due to their premature destruction by the spleen.

hemophilia (hee-moh-FILL-ee-ah): a group of hereditary bleeding disorders in which a blood-clotting factor is missing.

hemoptysis (hee-MOP-tih-sis): expectoration of blood or bloodstained sputum.

hemorrhage (HEM-or-idj): the loss of a large amount of blood in a short time.

hemorrhagic stroke (hem-oh-RAJ-ick): damage to the brain that occurs when a blood vessel in the brain leaks.

hemorrhoidectomy (hem-oh-roid-ECK-toh-mee): surgical removal of hemorrhoids.

hemorrhoids (HEM-oh-roids): a condition that occurs when a cluster of enlarged veins, muscles, and tissues slip near or through the anal opening.

hemostasis (hee-moh-STAY-sis): to stop or control bleeding.

hemothorax (hee-moh-THOH-racks): a collection of blood in the pleural cavity.

heparin (HEP-ah-rin): a common anticoagulant administered by injection or in an IV solution.

hepatectomy (hep-ah-TECK-toh-mee): surgical removal of all or part of the liver.

hepatitis (hep-ah-TYE-tis): inflammation of the liver.

hepatomegaly (hep-ah-toh-MEG-ah-lee): abnormal enlargement of the liver.

hernia (HER-nee-ah): the protrusion of a part or structure through the tissues normally containing it.

herniated disk (HER-nee-ayt-ed): the breaking apart of a intervertebral disk that results in pressure on spinal nerve roots.

herpes zoster (HER-peez ZOS-ter): an acute viral infection characterized by painful skin eruptions that follow the underlying route of an inflamed nerve.

Hertz: a measure of sound frequency that determines how high or low a pitch is.

hiatal hernia (high-AY-tal HER-nee-ah): the protrusion of part of the stomach through an opening in the diaphragm.

hirsutism (HER-soot-izm): excessive bodily and facial hair in women, usually occurring in a male pattern.

hoarding disorder: a mental illness characterized by the over-accumulation of belongings in a way that interferes with daily living.

Hodgkin’s lymphoma (HODJ-kinz lim-FOH-mah): a cancer of the lymphatic system distinguished by the presence of Reed–Sternberg cells.

holistic (hoe-LISS-tick): a treatment approach that takes into consideration the whole body and its environment, including the mind, body, and spirit.

Holter monitor: a portable electrocardiograph worn by an ambulatory patient to continuously monitor the heart rates and rhythms over a 24- or 48-hour period.

home blood glucose monitoring: test performed by the patient using a drop of blood to measure the current blood glucose level.

homeopathy (hoh-mee-OP-ah-thee): the belief that the body can stimulate its own healing responses when the right substance is given in minute doses.

homeostasis (hoh-mee-oh-STAY-sis): the processes through which the body maintains a constant internal environment.

hordeolum (hor-DEE-oh-lum): a pus-filled lesion on the eyelid resulting from an infection in a sebaceous gland.

horizontal recumbent position: a position in which the patient is lying on the back face up.

hormone replacement therapy: the use of the female hormones estrogen and progesterone to replace those the body no longer produces during and after perimenopause.

hospital-acquired pneumonia: a type of pneumonia contracted during a stay in the hospital, when a patient’s defense system is impaired.

human growth hormone: a synthetic version of the growth hormone that is administered to stimulate growth when the natural supply of growth hormone is insufficient for normal development.

human immunodeficiency virus: a bloodborne infection that damages or kills the T cells of the immune system, causing it to progressively fail.

human papillomavirus: a virus that causes genital warts and cervical cancer.

Huntington’s disease: a genetic disorder that causes nerve degeneration with symptoms that most often appear in midlife.

hydrocele (HIGH-droh-seel): a fluid-filled sac in the scrotum along the spermatic cord leading from the testicles.

hydrocephalus (high-droh-SEF-ah-lus): a condition in which excess cerebrospinal fluid accumulates within the ventricles of the brain.

hydronephrosis (high-droh-neh-FROH-sis): the dilation of one or both kidneys.

hydroureter (high-droh-YOUR-eh-ter): the distention of the ureter with urine that cannot flow because the ureter is blocked.

hyperbaric oxygen therapy (high-per-BARE-ik): use of inhaled oxygen in a special chamber with increased air pressure to promote healing and fight infection.

hypercalcemia (high-per-kal-SEE-mee-ah): abnormally high concentrations of calcium circulating in the blood.

hypercapnia (high-per-KAP-nee-ah): abnormal buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood.

hyperemesis (high-per-EM-eh-sis): extreme, persistent vomiting that can cause dehydration.

hyperesthesia (high-per-es-THEE-zee-ah): a condition of abnormal and excessive sensitivity to touch, pain, or other sensory stimuli.

hyperglycemia (high-per-glye-SEE-mee-ah): an abnormally high concentration of glucose in the blood.

hypergonadism (high-per-GOH-nad-izm): the excessive secretion of hormones by the sex glands.

hyperhidrosis (high-per-high-DROH-sis): a condition of excessive sweating in one area or over the whole body.

hyperinsulinism (high-per-IN-suh-lin-izm): a condition of excessive secretion of insulin in the bloodstream.

hyperkinesia (high-per-kye-NEE-zee-ah): abnormally increased muscle function or activity.

hyperlipidemia (high-per-lip-ih-DEE-mee-ah): the general term used to describe elevated levels of cholesterol and other fatty substances in the blood.

hyperopia (high-per-OH-pee-ah): a vision defect in which light rays focus beyond the retina; also known as farsightedness.

hyperparathyroidism (high-per-par-ah-THIGH-roid-izm): the overproduction of the parathyroid hormone that causes hypercalcemia.

hyperpituitarism (high-per-pih-TOO-ih-tah-rizm): the excess secretion of growth hormone that causes acromegaly and gigantism.

hyperplasia (high-per-PLAY-zhee-ah): an increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ.

hyperpnea (high-perp-NEE-ah): breathing that is deeper and more rapid than is normal at rest.

hyperproteinuria (high-per-proh-tee-in-YOU-ree-ah): the presence of abnormally high concentrations of protein in the urine.

hypertension: the elevation of arterial blood pressure to a level that is likely to cause damage to the cardiovascular system.

hyperthermia (high-per-THER-mee-ah): an extremely high body temperature.

hyperthyroidism (high-per-THIGH-roid-izm): the overproduction of thyroid hormones.

hypertrophy (high-PER-troh-fee): a general increase in the bulk of a body part or organ due to an increase in the size, but not the number, of cells in the tissues.

hyperventilation (high-per-ven-tih-LAY-shun): an abnormally rapid rate of deep respiration that is usually associated with anxiety.

hypnosis: a type of therapy in which a patient is placed in a susceptible state and then given suggestions directed toward their treatment goal.

hypnotherapy: the use of hypnosis to produce an altered state of focused attention in which the patient may be more willing to believe and act on suggestions.

hypnotic: medication that depresses the central nervous system and usually produces sleep.

hypocalcemia (high-poh-kal-SEE-mee-ah): a condition characterized by abnormally low levels of calcium in the blood.

hypoglycemia (high-poh-glye-SEE-mee-ah): an abnormally low concentration of glucose in the blood.

hypogonadism (high-poh-GOH-nad-izm): the condition of deficient secretion of hormones by the sex glands.

hypomenorrhea (high-poh-men-oh-REE-ah): an unusually small amount of menstrual flow during a shortened regular menstrual period.

hypoparathyroidism (high-poh-par-ah-THIGH-roid-izm): a condition caused by an insufficient or absent secretion of parathyroid hormone.

hypoperfusion (high-poh-per-FYOU-zhun): a deficiency of blood passing through an organ or body part.

hypophysectomy (high-pof-ih-SECK-toh-mee): surgical removal of the pituitary gland.

hypopituitarism: a condition in which the pituitary gland does not produce enough growth hormone.

hypoplasia (high-poh-PLAY-zhee-ah): the underdevelopment of an organ or tissue, usually due to a deficiency in the number of cells.

hypopnea (high-poh-NEE-ah): shallow or slow respiration.

hypoproteinemia (high-poh-proh-tee-in-EE-mee-ah): the presence of abnormally low concentrations of protein in the blood.

hypospadias (high-poh-SPAY-dee-as): the congenital abnormality of the urethral opening. In the male the urethral opening is on the underside of the penis; in the female the urethra opens into the vagina.

hypotension (high-poh-TEN-shun): lower than normal arterial blood pressure.

hypothermia (high-poh-THER-mee-ah): an abnormally low body temperature.

hypothyroidism (high-poh-THIGH-roid-izm): a condition caused by a deficiency of thyroid secretion.

hypotonia (high-poh-TOH-nee-ah): a condition in which there is diminished tone of the skeletal muscles.

hypoxemia (high-pock-SEE-mee-ah): a condition of having low oxygen levels in the blood.

hypoxia (high-POCK-see-ah): the condition of having deficient oxygen levels in the body tissues and organs; less severe than anoxia.

hysterectomy (hiss-teh-RECK-toh-mee): surgical removal of the uterus.

hysterosalpingography (hiss-ter-oh-sal-pin-GOG-rah-fee): an x-ray examination of the uterus and fallopian tubes.

hysteroscopy (hiss-ter-OSS-koh-pee): the direct visual examination of the interior of the uterus and fallopian tubes.

I

iatrogenic illness (eye-at-roh-JEN-ick): an unfavorable response due to prescribed medical treatment.

ichthyosis (ick-thee-OH-sis): a group of hereditary disorders characterized by dry, thickened, and scaly skin.

idiopathic disease (id-ee-oh-PATH-ick): any disease without a known cause.

idiosyncratic reaction (id-ee-oh-sin-KRAT-ick): an unexpected reaction to a drug that is peculiar to the individual.

ileal conduit (ill-ee-al KON-doo-it): use of a small piece of intestine to convey urine to the ureters and to a stoma in the abdomen.

ileectomy (ill-ee-ECK-toh-mee): surgical removal of the ileum.

ileostomy (ill-ee-OS-toh-mee): surgical creation of an artificial excretory opening between the ileum and the outside of the abdominal wall.

ileus (ILL-ee-us): partial or complete blockage of the small and/or large intestine.

iliotibial band syndrome (ill-ee-oh-TIB-ee-al): an overuse injury caused by this band of connective tissue rubbing against bone, often in the area of the knee.

illness anxiety disorder: psychiatric disorder characterized by recurring anxiety and excessive worry that a physical illness may be present.

immobilization: the act of holding, suturing, or fastening a bone in a fixed position with strapping or a cast.

immunity: the state of being resistant to a specific disease.

immunodeficiency disorder (im-you-noh-deh-FISH-ensee): a condition that occurs when immune system response is compromised.

immunoglobulins (im-you-noh-GLOB-you-lins): antibodies that bind with specific antigens in the antigen– antibody response.

immunosuppressant (im-you-noh-soo-PRES-ant): a substance that prevents or reduces the body’s normal immune response.

immunosuppression (im-you-noh-sup-PRESH-un): treatment to repress or interfere with the ability of the immune system to respond to stimulation by antigens.

immunotherapy (ih-myou-noh-THER-ah-pee): a disease treatment that involves either stimulating or repressing the immune response.

impacted cerumen: an accumulation of earwax that forms a solid mass by adhering to the walls of the external auditory canal.

impetigo (im-peh-TYE-goh): a highly contagious bacterial skin infection characterized by isolated pustules that become crusted and rupture.

impingement syndrome (im-PINJ-ment): inflammation of tendons that get caught in the narrow space between the bones within the shoulder joint.

implantable cardioverter defibrillator (KAR-dee-oh- ver-ter dee-fib-rih-LAY-ter): a double-action pacemaker that regulates the heartbeat and acts as an automatic defibrillator.

impulse control disorders: a group of psychiatric disorders characterized by failure to resist an impulse despite potential negative consequences.

incision: a cut made with a surgical instrument.

incomplete fracture: a fracture in which the bone does not break into two separate pieces.

incontinence (in-KON-tih-nents): the inability to control the excretion of urine and/or feces.

incubator (IN-kyou-bate-or): an apparatus for maintaining a controlled environment for a premature or ill newborn.

indirect contact transmission: refers to situations in which a susceptible person is infected by contact with a contaminated surface.

indwelling catheter: a urinary catheter that remains inside the body for a prolonged time based on need.

infection (in-FECK-shun): invasion of the body by a pathogenic organism.

infectious disease (in-FECK-shus): an illness caused by living pathogenic organisms such as bacteria and viruses.

infectious mononucleosis (mon-oh-new-klee-OH-sis): an infection caused by the Epstein–Barr virus that is characterized by fever, a sore throat, and enlarged lymph nodes.

infectious myringitis (mir-in-JIGH-tis): a contagious inflammation that causes painful blisters on the eardrum.

infective endocarditis: inflammation of the lining or valves of the heart caused by bacteria in the bloodstream.

infertility: the inability of a couple to achieve pregnancy after 1 year of regular, unprotected intercourse, or the inability of a woman to carry a pregnancy to a live birth.

infestation: the dwelling of microscopic parasites on external surface tissue.

infiltrating ductal carcinoma: breast cancer that starts in the milk duct, breaks through the wall of that duct, and invades the fatty breast tissue.

inflammation (in-flah-MAY-shun): a localized response to an injury or to the destruction of tissues.

inflammatory bowel disease: the general name for diseases that cause inflammation and swelling in the intestines.

inflammatory breast cancer: a rare but aggressive form of breast cancer.

influenza (in-flew-EN-zah): a highly contagious viral respiratory infection that occurs in seasonal epidemics.

inguinal hernia (ING-gwih-nal HER-nee-ah): the protrusion of a small loop of bowel through a weak place in the lower abdominal wall or groin.

inhalation administration: the administration of medication in the form of vapor and gases taken in through the nose or mouth and absorbed into the bloodstream through the lungs.

insomnia: the prolonged or abnormal inability to sleep.

insulinoma (in-suh-lin-OH-mah): a benign tumor of the pancreas that causes hypoglycemia by secreting additional insulin.

integrative medicine: a health care model based on both allopathic and alternative medicine.

intellectual disability: significant below-average intellectual and adaptive functioning present from birth or early infancy.

intermittent catheter: a urinary catheter inserted as needed to drain urine from the bladder, and then removed.

intermittent claudication (klaw-dih-KAY-shun): pain in the leg muscles that occurs during exercise and is relieved by rest.

internal fixation: fracture treatment in which pins or a plate are placed directly into the bone to hold the broken pieces in place.

interstitial cystitis (in-ter-STISH-al sis-TYE-tis): chronic inflammation within the walls of the bladder.

interstitial lung diseases (in-ter-STISH-al): a group of diseases that cause inflammation and scarring of the alveoli and their supporting structures.

intertrigo (in-ter-TRYE-goh): dermatitis caused by the friction of skin rubbing together in skin folds.

interventional radiology: the use of radiographic imaging to guide a procedure or confirm placement of an inserted object.

intestinal obstruction: partial or complete blockage of the small and/or large intestine caused by a physical obstruction.

intracranial pressure: the amount of pressure inside the skull.

intradermal injection: the administration of medication by injection into the middle layers of the skin.

intramuscular injection: the administration of medication by injection directly into muscle tissue.

intraocular lens: a surgically implanted replacement for a natural lens that has been removed.

intraoral radiography: the placement of x-ray film within the mouth with the camera positioned next to the cheek.

intrauterine device: a molded plastic contraceptive inserted through the cervix into the uterus to prevent pregnancy.

intravenous fluids (in-trah-VEE-nus): fluids administered into a vein to combat the effects of dehydration.

intravenous injection: the administration of medication by injection directly into a vein.

intravenous pyelogram: a set of x-ray images of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder.

in vitro fertilization: a procedure in which mature ova are removed from the mother to be fertilized.

iritis (eye-RYE-tis): inflammation of the uvea primarily affecting structures in the front of the eye.

iron-deficiency anemia: a decrease in the red cells of the blood that is caused by too little iron.

irrigation and debridement: a procedure using pressurized fluid to clean out wound debris.

irritable bowel syndrome: a common condition of unknown cause with symptoms that can include intermittent cramping, abdominal pain, bloating, constipation, and/or diarrhea.

ischemia (iss-KEE-mee-ah): a condition in which there is an insufficient supply of oxygen in the tissues due to restricted blood flow to a part of the body.

ischemic colitis (iss-KEE-mick koh-LYE-tis): a condition that occurs when part of the large intestine is partially or completely deprived of blood.

ischemic stroke: brain damage that occurs when the flow of blood to the brain is blocked by the narrowing or blockage of an artery.

J

jaundice (JAWN-dis): a yellow discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes, and eyes.

juvenile idiopathic arthritis: an autoimmune disorder affecting children aged 16 years or younger, with symptoms that include stiffness, pain, joint swelling, skin rash, fever, slowed growth, and fatigue.

K

Kaposi’s sarcoma (KAP-oh-seez sar-KOH-mah): a cancer that causes patches of abnormal tissue to grow under the skin; in the lining of the mouth, nose, and throat; or in other organs.

Kegel exercises: a series of pelvic muscle exercises used to strengthen the muscles of the pelvic floor.

keloid (KEE-loid): an abnormally raised or thickened scar that expands beyond the boundaries of the original incision.

keratitis (ker-ah-TYE-tis): inflammation of the cornea.

keratoconus (ker-uh-toh-KOH-nus): a condition in which the cornea becomes irregular and cone shaped.

keratosis (kerr-ah-TOH-sis): any skin growth, such as a wart or a callus, in which there is overgrowth and thickening of the skin.

ketonuria (kee-toh-NEW-ree-ah): the presence of ketones in the urine.

ketosis (kee-TOH-sis): a normal metabolic process that helps the body utilize stored fat when other sources of energy are lacking.

kinesiology (kih-NEES-ee-ol-oh-jee): the study of body movements and physical activity.

knee-chest position: position in which the patient is lying face down with the hips bent so that the knees and chest rest on the examination table.

koilonychia (koy-loh-NICK-ee-ah): a malformation of the nails in which the outer surface is concave or scooped out like the bowl of a spoon.

KUB (kidney–ureter–bladder) : an x-ray study without the use of a contrast medium, used to detect bowel obstructions and nephroliths.

kyphosis (kye-FOH-sis): an abnormal increase in the outward curvature of the thoracic spine as viewed from the side.

L

labyrinthectomy (lab-ih-rin-THECK-toh-mee): surgical removal of all or a portion of the labyrinth of the ear.

labyrinthitis (lab-ih-rin-THIGH-tis): inflammation of the labyrinth that can result in vertigo and deafness.

laceration (lass-er-AY-shun): a torn or jagged wound or an accidental cut.

lactose intolerance: the inability to digest dairy products due to the absence of the enzyme lactase.

laminectomy (lam-ih-NECK-toh-mee): surgical removal of a lamina from a vertebra.

laparoscopic adrenalectomy (lap-ah-roh-SKOP-ick ah-dree-nal-ECK-toh-mee): a minimally invasive procedure to surgically remove one or both adrenal glands.

laparoscopy (lap-ah-ROS-koh-pee): visual examination of the interior of the abdomen with the use of a laparoscope.

laryngitis (lar-in-JIGH-tis): inflammation of the larynx.

laryngoscopy (lar-ing-GOS-koh-pee): the visual examination of the larynx and vocal cords using a laryngoscope.

laryngospasm (lah-RING-goh-spazm): the sudden spasmodic closure of the larynx.

laryngotomy (lar-ing-OT-oh-mee): a surgical incision into the larynx.

laser: an acronym for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation, used to treat skin conditions and other disorders of the body.

laser angioplasty (AN-jee-oh-plas-tee): a procedure to remove plaque from an artery using beams of light from a laser on the end of a catheter.

laser iridotomy (ir-ih-DOT-oh-mee): a procedure using a focused beam of light to create a hole in the iris of the eye.

laser photocoagulation (foh-toh-koh-ag-you-LAY-shun): the use of lasers to treat diabetic retinopathy and macular degeneration by sealing leaking or damaged blood vessels.

laser trabeculoplasty (trah-BECK-you-loh-plas-tee): treatment of open-angle glaucoma by creating openings in the trabecular meshwork to allow fluid to drain properly.

LASIK (Laser-Assisted in SItu Keratomileusis): treatment of vision conditions that are caused by the shape of the cornea.

latent autoimmune diabetes in adults: a condition in which type 1 diabetes develops in adults.

laxative: medication or food given to stimulate bowel movements.

learning disabilities: disorders found in children of normal intelligence who have difficulties in learning specific skills such as processing language or grasping mathematical concepts.

lesion (LEE-zhun): a pathologic change of tissue due to disease or injury.

lethargy (LETH-ar-jee): a lowered level of consciousness marked by listlessness, drowsiness, and apathy.

leukemia (loo-KEE-mee-ah): a type of cancer characterized by a progressive increase in the number of abnormal white blood cells found in blood-forming tissues, other organs, and in the circulating blood.

leukopenia (loo-koh-PEE-nee-ah): a decrease in the number of white blood cells circulating in the blood.

leukoplakia (loo-koh-PLAY-kee-ah): an abnormal white, usually benign lesion that develops inside the mouth in response to chronic irritation.

leukorrhea (loo-koh-REE-ah): a profuse whitish mucus discharge from the uterus and vagina.

levels of consciousness: terms used to describe the measurement of response to arousal and stimulus.

lipectomy (lih-PECK-toh-mee): surgical removal of fat from beneath the skin.

lipedema (lip-eh-DEE-mah): a chronic abnormal condition characterized by the accumulation of fat and fluid in the tissues just under the skin of the hips and legs.

lipid panel: a blood test that measures the amounts of total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and triglycerides.

lipoma (lih-POH-mah): a benign, slow-growing fatty tumor located between the skin and the muscle layer.

liposuction (LIP-oh-suck-shun or LYE-poh-suck-shun): surgical removal of fat beneath the skin with the aid of suction.

lithotomy (lih-THOT-oh-mee): surgical incision for the removal of a stone from the bladder.

lithotomy position (lih-THOT-oh-mee): an examination position in which the patient is lying on the back with the feet and legs raised and supported in stirrups.

liver transplant: a procedure to replace a liver in a patient whose liver has failed for a reason other than liver cancer.

lobar pneumonia: a type of pneumonia that affects larger areas of the lungs, often including one or more sections, or lobes, of a lung.

lobectomy (loh-BECK-toh-mee): surgical removal of a lobe of an organ.

localized allergic response: redness, itching, and burning where the skin has come into contact with an allergen.

long QT syndrome: a heart rhythm disorder that can cause fast, chaotic, and potentially dangerous arrhythmias.

lordosis (lor-DOH-sis): an abnormal increase in the forward curvature of the lumbar spine.

lumbago (lum-BAY-goh): pain in the lumbar region of the spine.

lumbar puncture: the process of obtaining a sample of cerebrospinal fluid by inserting a needle into the subarachnoid space of the lumbar region to withdraw fluid.

lumbar radiculopathy: nerve pain in the lower back.

lumpectomy: surgical removal of only the cancerous tissue with the surrounding margin of normal tissue.

lung cancer: a condition in which cancer cells form in the tissues of the lung.

Lyme disease (LIME): a bacterial infection caused by a spirochete belonging to the genus Borrelia burgdorferi.

lymphadenitis (lim-fad-eh-NIGH-tis): inflammation of the lymph nodes.

lymphadenopathy (lim-fad-eh-NOP-ah-thee): any disease process affecting a lymph node or nodes.

lymphangioma (lim-fan-jee-OH-mah): a benign tumor formed by an abnormal collection of lymphatic vessels.

lymphedema (lim-feh-DEE-mah): swelling of the tissues due to an abnormal accumulation of lymph fluid within the tissues.

lymph node dissection: a surgical procedure in which all of the lymph nodes in a major group are removed to determine or slow the spread of cancer.

lymphoma (lim-FOH-mah): a general term applied to malignancies affecting lymphoid tissues.

lymphoscintigraphy (lim-foh-sin-TIH-grah-fee): a diagnostic test that is performed to detect damage or malformations of the lymphatic vessels.

M

macular degeneration (MACK-you-lar): a gradually progressive condition in which the macula at the center of the retina is damaged, resulting in the loss of central vision.

macular stains: flat, red irregularly shaped birthmarks.

macule (MACK-youl): a discolored, flat spot on the skin that is less than 1 cm in diameter.

magnetic resonance angiography: a specialized MRI study using a contrast medium to locate problems with blood vessels throughout the body.

magnetic resonance imaging: an imaging technique that uses a combination of radio waves and a strong magnetic field to create signals that are sent to a computer and converted into images of any plane through the body.

malabsorption (mal-ab-SORP-shun): a condition in which the small intestine cannot absorb nutrients from the food that passes through it.

malaise (mah-LAYZ): a feeling of general discomfort, often the first indication of an infection or disease.

malaria (mah-LAY-ree-ah): a disease caused by a parasite that lives in certain mosquitoes and is transferred to humans by the bite of an infected mosquito.

malignant (mah-LIG-nant): becoming progressively worse and life-threatening.

malignant melanoma (mel-ah-NOH-mah): a type of skin cancer that occurs in the melanocytes.

malingering (mah-LING-ger-ing): a condition characterized by the intentional creation of false or grossly exaggerated physical or psychological symptoms.

malnutrition: a lack of proper food or nutrients in the body due to a shortage of food, poor eating habits, or the inability of the body to digest, absorb, and distribute these nutrients.

malocclusion: any deviation from the normal positioning of the upper teeth against the lower teeth.

mammography (mam-OG-rah-fee): a radiographic examination of the breast to detect the presence of tumors or precancerous cells.

mammoplasty (MAM-oh-plas-tee): a cosmetic operation on the breasts.

manic behavior: an abnormally elevated mood state, including inappropriate elation, increased irritability, severe insomnia, poor judgment, and inappropriate social behavior.

mastalgia (mass-TAL-jee-ah): pain in the breast.

mastectomy (mas-TECK-toh-mee): surgical removal of the entire breast and nipple.

mastitis (mas-TYE-tis): a breast infection that is caused by bacteria that enter the mammary glands, most frequently during breastfeeding.

mastoidectomy (mas-toy-DECK-toh-mee): surgical removal of part of the mastoid process.

mastoiditis (mas-toy-DYE-tis): inflammation of any part of the mastoid bone.

mastopexy (MAS-toh-peck-see): surgery to affix sagging breasts in a more elevated position.

maxillofacial surgery (mack-sill-oh-FAY-shul): specialized surgery of the face and jaws to correct deformities, treat diseases, and repair injuries.

measles: an acute, highly contagious infection transmitted by respiratory droplets of the rubeola virus.

measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination: childhood immunization that can prevent these three viral conditions.

meatotomy (mee-ah-TOT-oh-mee): a surgical incision made in the urethral meatus to enlarge the opening.

megaloblastic anemia (MEG-ah-loh-blas-tick ah-NEE-mee-ah): a blood disorder characterized by anemia in which red blood cells are larger than normal.

melena (meh-LEE-nah): the passage of black, tarry, and foul-smelling stools.

Ménière’s disease (men-YEHRS): a rare chronic disorder in which the amount of fluid in the inner ear increases intermittently, causing vertigo, fluctuating hearing loss, and tinnitus.

meningioma (meh-nin-jee-OH-mah): a common, slow-growing, and usually benign tumor of the meninges.

meningitis (men-in-JIGH-tis): inflammation of the meninges of the brain and spinal cord.

meningocele (meh-NING-goh-seel): the congenital herniation of the meninges through a defect in the skull or spinal column.

menometrorrhagia (men-oh-met-roh-RAY-jee-ah): excessive uterine bleeding occurring both during the menses and at other irregular intervals.

menorrhagia: an excessive amount of menstrual flow.

metastasis (meh-TAS-tah-sis): the new cancer site that results from the spreading process; also the processes by which cancer is spread.

metastasize (meh-TAS-tah-sighz): to spread from one place to another, as in cancer.

metered-dose inhaler: a medical device that administers a specific amount of a medication such as a bronchodilator in aerosol form.

methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: one of several types of bacteria that are now resistant to most antibiotics.

migraine headache (MY-grayn): a headache characterized by throbbing pain on one side of the head and sometimes preceded by a warning aura.

mindfulness meditation: treatment for stress focused on maintaining a calm, constant awareness and acceptance of thoughts and emotions.

minimally invasive coronary artery bypass: a bypass procedure performed with the aid of a fiberoptic camera through small openings between the ribs.

miosis (mye-OH-sis): the contraction of the pupil.

mitral valve regurgitation: the backward leaking of blood that occurs when the mitral valve does not close tightly.

modified radical mastectomy: surgical removal of the entire breast and nipple, as well as axillary lymph nodes under the adjacent arm.

Mohs surgery: a technique used to treat various types of skin cancer by removing layers of cancerous tissue until a healthy margin is achieved.

molecular breast imaging: a nuclear medicine technique using gamma radiation to detect potential tumors in particularly dense breast tissue.

molluscum contagiosum: a viral infection that causes small, raised lesions.

monaural testing (mon-AW-rahl): hearing testing that involves one ear.

monoclonal antibodies: artificially produced antibodies used to enhance a patient’s immune response to certain malignancies.

mood-stabilizing drugs: medications used to treat mood instability and bipolar disorders.

multiparous (mul-TIP-ah-rus): a woman who has given birth two or more times.

Morton’s neuroma: a condition in which pain on the ball of the foot is caused by a swollen, inflamed nerve, usually between the third and fourth toes.

multiple myeloma (my-eh-LOH-mah): a type of cancer that occurs in blood-making cells of the red bone marrow.

multiple sclerosis (skleh-ROH-sis): a progressive autoimmune disorder characterized by inflammation that causes demyelination of the myelin sheath.

mumps: an acute viral infection characterized by the swelling of the parotid glands.

muscle biopsy (BYE-op-see): diagnostic procedure including removal of a plug of tissue with a biopsy needle for examination.

muscle relaxant: medication administered to relax certain muscles and to relieve the stiffness, pain, and discomfort caused by strains, sprains, or other muscle injuries.

muscle tone: the state of balanced muscle tension that makes normal posture, coordination, and movement possible.

muscular dystrophy (DIS-troh-fee): a group of more than 30 genetic diseases that are characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles without affecting the nervous system.

myalgia (my-AL-jee-ah): tenderness or pain in the muscles.

myasthenia gravis (my-as-THEE-nee-ah GRAH-vis): a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the neuromuscular junction and produces weakness of voluntary muscles.

mycoplasma pneumonia: a milder but longer-lasting form of pneumonia caused by the bacteria Mycoplasma pneumoniae; also known as walking pneumonia.

mycosis (my-KOH-sis): any abnormal condition or disease caused by a fungus.

mydriasis (mih-DRY-ah-sis): the dilation of the pupil.

mydriatic drops (mid-ree-AT-ick): medication placed into the eyes to produce temporary paralysis, forcing the pupils to remain dilated even in the presence of bright light.

myelitis (my-eh-LYE-tis): inflammation of the spinal cord; inflammation of bone marrow.

myelodysplastic syndrome (my-eh-loh-dis-PLAS-tick): a type of cancer in which there is insufficient production of one or more types of blood cells.

myelography (my-eh-LOG-rah-fee): a radiographic study of the spinal cord after the injection of a contrast medium through a lumbar puncture.

myelopathy (my-eh-LOP-ah-thee): any pathologic change or disease in the spinal cord.

myelosis (my-eh-LOH-sis): a tumor of the spinal cord.

myocardial infarction (my-oh-KAR-dee-al in-FARK-shun): the occlusion of one or more coronary arteries caused by plaque buildup.

myocarditis (my-oh-kar-DYE-tis): inflammation of the myocardium.

myoclonus (my-oh-KLOH-nus or my-OK-luh-nus): the quick, involuntary jerking of a muscle or group of muscles.

myofascial pain syndrome: a chronic pain disorder that affects muscles and fascia throughout the body.

myofascial release: a specialized soft-tissue manipulation technique used to ease the pain of conditions such as fibromyalgia, myofascial pain syndrome, movement restrictions, temporomandibular joint disorders, and carpal tunnel syndrome.

myoma (my-OH-mah): a benign tumor made up of muscle tissue.

myomectomy (my-oh-MECK-toh-mee): surgical removal of uterine fibroids.

myoparesis (my-oh-PAR-eh-sis): weakness or slight muscular paralysis.

myopathy (my-OP-ah-thee): any pathologic change or disease of muscle tissue.

myopia (my-OH-pee-ah): a defect in which light rays focus in front of the retina; also known as nearsightedness.

myoplasty (MY-oh-plas-tee): surgical repair of a muscle.

myorrhaphy (my-OR-ah-fee): surgical suturing of a muscle.

myosarcoma (my-oh-sahr-KOH-mah): a malignant tumor derived from muscle tissue.

myotomy (my-OT-oh-mee): a surgical incision into a muscle.

myringotomy (mir-in-GOT-oh-mee): a small surgical incision in the eardrum to relieve pressure from excess pus or fluid or to create an opening for the placement of ear tubes.

myxedema (mick-seh-DEE-mah): a severe form of adult hypothyroidism caused by extreme deficiency of thyroid secretion.

N

narcolepsy (NAR-koh-lep-see): a sleep disorder consisting of sudden and uncontrollable brief episodes of falling asleep during the day.

nasogastric intubation (nay-zoh-GAS-trick in-too-BAY-shun): the placement of a feeding tube through the nose and into the stomach.

natural immunity: disease resistance without administration of an antigen or exposure to disease, either present at birth or passed on from mother to child through breast milk.

naturopathy (nay-cher-AH-pah-thee): a form of alternative medicine emphasizing the healing power of nature and support of the body’s own healing ability.

nausea (NAW-see-ah): the urge to vomit.

nebulizer (NEB-you-lye-zer): an electronic device that pumps air or oxygen through a liquid medicine to turn it into a mist that is inhaled via a face mask or mouthpiece.

necrotizing fasciitis (NECK-roh-tiz-ing fas-ee-EYE-tis): a rare, severe infection caused by group A strep bacteria.

needlestick injury: an accidental puncture wound caused by a used hypodermic needle, potentially transmitting an infection.

neoplasm (NEE-oh-plazm): an abnormal growth of body tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled, abnormal, rapid, and progressive; also known as a tumor.

nephritis (neh-FRY-tis): inflammation of the kidney or kidneys.

nephrolith (NEF-roh-lith): a stone located in the kidney.

nephrolithiasis (nef-roh-lih-THIGH-ah-sis): the presence of stones in the kidney.

nephrolysis (neh-FROL-ih-sis): surgical freeing of a kidney from adhesions.

nephropathy (neh-FROP-ah-thee): any disease of the kidney.

nephrostomy (neh-FROS-toh-mee): the placement of a catheter to maintain an opening between the pelvis of one or both kidneys to the exterior of the body.

nephrotic syndrome (neh-FROT-ick): a group of conditions in which excessive amounts of protein are lost in the urine.

neuritis (new-RYE-tis): inflammation of a nerve accompanied by pain and sometimes loss of function.

neurodegenerative disease (new-roh-deh-JEN-er-ah-tiv): an umbrella term for disorders in which there is a progressive loss of the structure or functions of neurons.

neurogenic bladder (new-roh-JEN-ick): a urinary problem caused by interference with the normal nerve pathways associated with urination.

neuromuscular-blocking drug: medication that causes temporary paralysis by blocking the transmission of nerve stimuli to the muscles.

neuromuscular therapy: a form of massage that uses soft-tissue manipulation focusing on applying pressure to trigger points to treat injuries and alleviate pain.

neuroplasty (NEW-roh-plas-tee): surgical repair of a nerve or nerves.

neurorrhaphy (new-ROR-ah-fee): surgically suturing together the ends of a severed nerve.

neurotomy (new-ROT-oh-mee): surgical division or dissection of a nerve.

nevus (NEE-vus): a small, dark skin growth that develops from melanocytes in the skin.

nitroglycerin: a vasodilator that is prescribed to prevent or relieve the pain of angina.

nocturia (nock-TOO-ree-ah): frequent and excessive urination during the night.

nocturnal enuresis (nock-TER-nal en-you-REE-sis): urinary incontinence during sleep.

nodule: a solid, raised skin lesion that is larger than 0.5 cm in diameter and deeper than a papule.

noise-induced hearing loss: nerve deafness caused by exposure to extremely loud noises.

nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: the accumulation of fat in the liver of people who drink little or no alcohol.

nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a more serious form of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, consisting of fatty accumulations plus liver-damaging inflammation.

non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (non-HODJ-kinz lim-FOH-mah): the term used to describe all lymphomas other than Hodgkin’s lymphoma.

nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: medications administered to control pain by reducing inflammation and swelling.

nosocomial infection (nos-oh-KOH-mee-al): a disease acquired in a hospital or clinical setting.

nuclear imaging: the use of radiopharmaceuticals for diagnostic purposes.

nuclear scan: a diagnostic procedure that uses nuclear medicine technology to gather information about the structure and function of organs or body systems.

nullipara (nuh-LIP-ah-rah): a woman who has never borne a viable child.

nyctalopia (nick-tah-LOH-pee-ah): a condition in which an individual with normal daytime vision has difficulty seeing at night.

nystagmus (nis-TAG-mus): an involuntary, constant, rhythmic movement of the eyeball.

O

obesity (oh-BEE-sih-tee): an excessive accumulation of fat in the body.

oblique fracture: a fracture that occurs at an angle across the bone.

obsessive–compulsive disorder: a mental condition characterized by obsessions and/or compulsions.

occupational therapy: activities to promote recovery and rehabilitation in order to assist patients in performing the activities of daily living.

ocular prosthesis: a replacement for an eyeball that is either congenitally missing or has been surgically removed.

oligomenorrhea (ol-ih-goh-men-oh-REE-ah): light or infrequent menstruation in a woman with previously normal periods.

oligospermia (ol-ih-goh-SPER-mee-ah): a sperm count of below 15 million/ml.

oliguria (ol-ih-GOO-ree-ah): scanty urination.

onychia (oh-NICK-ee-ah): inflammation of the bed of the nail.

onychocryptosis (on-ih-koh-krip-TOH-sis): ingrown toenail.

onycholysis (on-ih-koh-LYE-sis): the separation of the nail plate from the nail bed.

onychomycosis (on-ih-koh-my-KOH-sis): a fungal infection of the nail.

oophorectomy (oh-ahf-oh-RECK-toh-mee): surgical removal of one or both ovaries.

open-angle glaucoma: the most common form of glaucoma.

open fracture: a fracture in which the bone is broken and there is an open wound in the skin.

ophthalmoscope (ahf-THAL-moh-skope): an instrument used to examine the interior of the eye.

ophthalmoscopy (ahf-thal-MOS-koh-pee): the visual examination of the fundus of the eye with ophthalmoscope.

opportunistic infection (op-ur-too-NIHS-tick): infection caused by a pathogen that does not normally produce an illness in healthy humans.

oppositional defiant disorder: a psychiatric disorder characterized by a child or adolescent’s persistent angry, uncooperative, and disruptive behavior directed toward authority figures, disrupting daily activities.

oral administration: medication taken by mouth to be absorbed through the walls of the stomach or small intestine.

oral glucose tolerance test (GLOO-kohs): a test performed most commonly to diagnose gestational diabetes.

oral or maxillofacial surgeon (mack-sill-oh-FAY-shul): a physician specializing in surgery of the face and jaws to correct deformities, treat diseases, and repair injuries.

oral rehydration therapy: treatment in which a solution of electrolytes is administered in a liquid preparation to counteract dehydration.

oral thrush: a fungal infection in the mouth caused by the fungus Candida albicans.

orbitotomy (or-bih-TOT-oh-mee): surgical incision into the orbit.

orchiectomy (or-kee-ECK-toh-mee): surgical removal of one or both testicles.

orchiopexy (or-kee-oh-PECK-see): the repair of an undescended testicle.

orchitis (or-KYE-tis): inflammation of one or both testicles.

organic disorder (or-GAN-ick): a disorder that produces symptoms caused by detectable physical changes in the body.

orthostatic hypotension (or-thoh-STAT-ick high-poh-TEN-shun): low blood pressure that occurs upon standing up.

orthotic (or-THOT-ick): a mechanical appliance, such as a leg brace or splint, that is specially designed to control, correct, or compensate for impaired limb function.

osteitis (oss-tee-EYE-tis): inflammation of a bone.

osteoarthritis (oss-tee-oh-ar-THRIGH-tis): the type of arthritis most commonly associated with aging.

osteochondroma (oss-tee-oh-kon-DROH-mah): a benign bony projection covered with cartilage.

osteomalacia (oss-tee-oh-mah-LAY-shee-ah): abnormal softening of bones in adults.

osteomyelitis (oss-tee-oh-my-eh-LYE-tis): inflammation of the bone marrow and adjacent bone.

osteopathic manipulative therapy: mechanical spinal adjustment used in conjunction with conventional medical therapies by an osteopath.

osteopenia (oss-tee-oh-PEE-nee-ah): thinner than average bone density.

osteophytes (OSS-tee-oh-fites): bony growths also known as bone spurs.

osteoporosis (oss-tee-oh-poh-ROH-sis): a marked loss of bone density and an increase in bone porosity that is frequently associated with aging.

osteoporotic hip fracture (oss-tee-oh-pah-ROT-ick): a fracture of a hip weakened by osteoporosis that can occur spontaneously or as the result of a fall.

osteosarcoma (oss-tee-oh-sar-KOH-mah): a hard-tissue sarcoma that usually involves the upper shaft of long bones, pelvis, or knee.

osteotomy (oss-tee-OT-oh-mee): surgical cutting and reshaping of a bone.

ostomy (OSS-toh-mee): a surgical procedure to create an artificial opening between an organ and the body surface.

otalgia (oh-TAL-gee-ah): pain in the ear.

otitis (oh-TYE-tis): inflammation of the ear.

otitis media (oh-TYE-tis MEE-dee-ah): inflammation of the middle ear.

otomycosis (oh-toh-my-KOH-sis): a fungal infection of the external auditory canal.

otoplasty (OH-toh-plas-tee): surgical repair, restoration, or alteration of the pinna of the ear.

otopyorrhea (oh-toh-pye-oh-REE-ah): the flow of pus from the ear.

otorrhagia (oh-toh-RAY-jee-ah): bleeding from the ear.

otorrhea (oh-toh-REE-ah): any discharge from the ear.

otosclerosis (oh-toh-skleh-ROH-sis): ankylosis of the bones of the middle ear resulting in a conductive hearing loss.

otoscope (OH-toh-skope): an instrument used to visually examine the external ear canal and tympanic membrane.

ovarian cancer: cancer that begins within the cells of the ovaries.

overactive bladder: a condition that occurs when the muscles of the bladder contract involuntarily even when the bladder is not full.

overflow incontinence: continuous leaking from the bladder either because it is full or because it does not empty completely.

over-the-counter drug: medication that can be purchased without a prescription.

overuse injuries: injuries that occur when minor tissue injuries have not been given time to heal.

overuse tendinitis (ten-dih-NIGH-tis): inflammation of tendons caused by excessive or unusual use of a joint.

P

pacemaker: battery-powered device with connections leading into the heart to regulate the heartbeat.

Paget’s disease (PAJ-its): a chronic bone disease of unknown cause, characterized by abnormal breakdown of bone tissue followed by abnormal bone formation.

palatoplasty (PAL-ah-toh-plas-tee): surgical repair of a cleft palate or lip.

palliative (PAL-ee-ay-tiv or PAL-ee-ah-tiv): a substance that eases the pain or severity of a disease but does not cure it.

palpation (pal-PAY-shun): an examination technique in which the examiner’s hands are used to feel the texture, size, consistency, and location of certain body parts.

palpation of the breast: an examination performed by a trained health care provider to check the texture, size, and consistency of the breast.

palpitation (pal-pih-TAY-shun): a pounding or racing heart with or without irregularity in rhythm.

pancreatectomy (pan-kree-ah-TECK-toh-mee): surgical removal of all or part of the pancreas.

pancreatitis (pan-kree-ah-TYE-tis): inflammation of the pancreas.

pandemic (pan-DEM-ick): an outbreak of a disease occurring over a large geographic area, sometimes even worldwide.

panic attack: an unexpected, sudden experience of fear in the absence of danger, accompanied by physical symptoms such as shortness of breath and palpitations.

panic disorder: a condition characterized by having more than one panic attack, resulting in persistent fear of these attacks.

papilledema (pap-ill-eh-DEE-mah): swelling and inflammation of the optic nerve at the point of entrance into the eye through the optic disk.

papilloma (pap-ih-LOH-mah): a benign, superficial, wart-like growth on the epithelial tissue or elsewhere in the body, such as in the bladder.

Pap smear: an exfoliative biopsy of the cervix.

papule (PAP-youl): a small, raised red lesion on the skin that is less than 0.5 cm in diameter.

paradoxical reaction: the result of medical treatment that yields the exact opposite of normally expected results.

paralysis (pah-RAL-ih-sis): the loss of sensation and voluntary muscle movements in a muscle through disease or injury to its nerve supply.

paraplegia (par-ah-PLEE-jee-ah): paralysis of both legs and the lower part of the body.

parasite (PAR-ah-sight): a plant or animal that lives on or within another living organism at the expense of that organism.

parasomnia: general term for several categories of sleep disorders that occur while falling asleep, during sleep, or while waking from sleep.

parathyroidectomy (par-ah-thigh-roi-DECK-toh-mee): surgical removal of one or more of the parathyroid glands.

parenteral administration (pah-REN-ter-al): the administration of medication by a manner other than through the digestive tract.

parenteral nutrition (pah-REN-ter-al): a specialized solution administered intravenously to patients who cannot or should not get their nutrition through eating.

paresthesia (par-es-THEE-zee-ah): a burning or prickling sensation that is usually felt in the hands, arms, legs, or feet.

Parkinson’s disease: a chronic, degenerative central nervous system disorder characterized by fine muscle tremors, rigidity, and a slow or shuffling gait.

paronychia (par-oh-NICK-ee-ah): an infection of the skin fold around a nail.

partial hysterectomy: surgical procedure in which the uterus is removed and the cervix left in place.

partial knee replacement: a procedure in which only part of the knee is replaced.

pathogen (PATH-oh-jen): a microorganism that causes a disease in humans.

pathologic fracture: a fracture that occurs when a weakened bone breaks under normal strain.

peak flow meter: a handheld device used to measure how quickly a person with asthma can expel air.

pediculosis (pee-dick-you-LOH-sis): an infestation with lice.

pelvic inflammatory disease: any inflammation of the female reproductive organs not associated with surgery or pregnancy.

peptic ulcer disease (UL-ser): a disease characterized by sores that affect the mucous membranes of the digestive system.

percussion (per-KUSH-un): a diagnostic procedure to determine the density of a body area that uses the sound produced by tapping the surface with the fingers.

percutaneous diskectomy (per-kyou-TAY-nee-us dis-KECK-toh-mee): a procedure to treat a herniated intervertebral disk.

percutaneous nephrolithotomy (per-kyou-TAY-nee-us nef-roh-lih-THOT-oh-mee): surgical removal of a kidney stone through a small incision in the back.

percutaneous vertebroplasty (per-kyou-TAY-nee-us VER-tee-broh-plas-tee): treatment of osteoporosis-related compression fractures by injecting bone cement to stabilize compression fractures within the spinal column.

perfusion (per-FYOU-zuhn): the flow of blood through an organ.

pericardiocentesis (pehr-ih-kar-dee-oh-sen-TEE-sis): the puncture of the pericardial sac for the purpose of removing fluid.

pericarditis (pehr-ih-kar-DYE-tis): inflammation of the pericardium.

periodontal disease: inflammation of the tissues that surround and support the teeth.

periorbital edema (pehr-ee-OR-bih-tal eh-DEE-mah): swelling of the tissues surrounding the eye or eyes.

periostitis (pehr-ee-oss-TYE-tis): inflammation of the periosteum.

peripheral artery disease: a type of peripheral vascular disease caused by atherosclerosis.

peripheral neuropathy (new-ROP-ah-thee): a disorder of the peripheral nerves that carry information to and from the brain and spinal cord, producing pain, loss of sensation, and inability to control muscles.

peripheral vascular disease: disorders of blood vessels outside the heart and brain.

peritoneal dialysis (pehr-ih-toh-NEE-al dye-AL-ih-sis): dialysis in which the lining of the peritoneal cavity acts as the filter to remove waste from the blood.

peritonitis (pehr-ih-toh-NIGH-tis): inflammation of the peritoneum.

pernicious anemia (per-NISH-us ah-NEE-mee-ah): anemia caused by a lack of a protein that helps the body absorb vitamin B12 from the gastrointestinal tract.

PERRLA: an acronym meaning Pupils Equal, Round, Reactive to Light, and Accommodation.

persistent depressive disorder: low-grade chronic depression present on a majority of days for two or more years.

persistent vegetative state: a type of coma in which the patient exhibits alternating sleep and wake cycles; however, the individual is unconscious even when appearing to be awake.

personality disorder: a chronic pattern of inner experience and behavior that causes serious problems with relationships and work.

pertussis (per-TUS-is): a contagious bacterial infection of the upper respiratory tract that is characterized by recurrent bouts of a paroxysmal cough.

petechiae (pee-TEE-kee-ee): very small pinpoint hemorrhages on the skin less than 2 mm in diameter.

Peyronie’s disease (pay-roh-NEEZ): a form of sexual dysfunction in which the penis is bent or curved during erection.

phacoemulsification (fack-koh-ee-mul-sih-fih-KAY-shun): the use of ultrasonic vibration to shatter and remove the lens clouded by a cataract.

pharyngitis (far-in-JIGH-tis): inflammation of the pharynx.

phenylketonuria (fen-il-kee-toh-NEW-ree-ah): a genetic disorder in which an essential digestive enzyme is missing.

phimosis (figh-MOH-sis): narrowing of the opening of the foreskin so that it cannot be retracted to expose the glans penis.

phlebitis (fleh-BYE-tis): inflammation of a vein.

phlebotomy (fleh-BOT-oh-mee): the puncture of a vein for the purpose of drawing blood.

phlegm (FLEM): thick mucus secreted by the tissues lining the respiratory passages.

phobia (FOH-bee-ah): a persistent irrational fear of a specific thing or situation strong enough to cause significant distress, interfere with functioning, and lead to avoidance of whatever causes this reaction.

photodynamic therapy (foh-toh-dye-NAH-mik): a technique used to treat damaged and precancerous skin, as well as various types of cancer.

photophobia (foh-toh-FOH-bee-ah): excessive sensitivity to light.

photopsia (foh-TOP-see-ah): presence of what appear to be flashes of light.

photorefractive keratotomy: eye surgery in which the outer layer of cornea is removed before a laser is used to change the shape of a deep corneal layer.

phototherapy: the use of natural or artificial light to treat skin conditions such as vitiligo and eczema.

physical therapy: treatment to prevent disability or to restore function through the use of exercise, heat, massage, or other techniques.

pigmented birthmarks: irregularities in skin color, such as moles.

pinealoma (pin-ee-ah-LOH-mah): a tumor of the pineal gland.

pituitary adenoma (ad-eh-NOH-mah): a slow-growing, benign tumor of the pituitary gland that may or may not cause excess hormone secretion.

placebo (plah-SEE-boh): an inactive substance that is given for its suggestive effects.

placenta previa (plah-SEN-tah PREE-vee-ah): abnormal implantation of the placenta in the lower portion of the uterus.

plantar fasciitis (PLAN-tar fas-ee-EYE-tis): inflammation of the plantar fascia causing foot or heel pain when walking or running.

plaque (PLACK): a fatty deposit within the blood vessels; also a soft buildup of bacterial debris on the exterior of the teeth; also a scaly, solid, raised area of closely spaced papules on the skin.

plasmapheresis (plaz-mah-feh-REE-sis): the removal of whole blood from the body, separation of its cellular elements, and reinfusion of these cellular elements suspended in saline or a plasma substitute.

platelet count: a blood test that measures the number of platelets in a specified amount of blood.

platelet-rich plasma therapy: a treatment in which centrifuged blood is injected into a joint to promote healing and pain relief.

pleural effusion (eh-FEW-zhun): excess accumulation of fluid in the pleural space that prevents the lung from fully expanding.

pleurisy (PLOOR-ih-see): inflammation of the pleura.

pleurodynia (ploor-oh-DIN-ee-ah): sharp chest pain that occurs when inflamed pleural membranes rub against each other.

pneumatic retinopexy (RET-ih-noh-peck-see): surgery to reattach the detached area in a retinal detachment using a gas bubble to hold pressure on the retina.

pneumoconiosis (new-moh-koh-nee-OH-sis): any fibrosis of the lung tissues caused by dust in the lungs after prolonged environmental or occupational contact.

pneumocystis pneumonia (new-moh-SIS-tis new-MOH-nee-ah): the form of pneumonia caused by an opportunistic infection with the fungus Pneumocystis jirovecii.

pneumonectomy (new-moh-NECK-toh-mee): surgical removal of all or part of a lung.

pneumonia (new-MOH-nee-ah): a serious infection or inflammation of the lungs in which the alveoli and air passages fill with pus and other liquid.

pneumothorax (new-moh-THOR-racks): the accumulation of air in the pleural space resulting in a pressure imbalance that causes the lung to fully or partially collapse.

polio (POH-lee-oh): a highly contagious viral infection of the brainstem and spinal cord that sometimes leads to paralysis.

polycystic kidney disease (pol-ee-SIS-tick): a genetic disorder characterized by the growth of numerous fluid-filled cysts in the kidneys.

polycystic ovary syndrome (pol-ee-SIS-tick): a condition characterized by an imbalance of reproductive hormones.

polycythemia (pol-ee-sy-THEE-mee-ah): a cancer characterized by an abnormal increase in the number of red cells in the bone marrow.

polydipsia (pol-ee-DIP-see-ah): excessive thirst.

polymenorrhea (pol-ee-men-oh-REE-ah): abnormally frequent menstruation.

polymyalgia rheumatica (pol-ee-my-AL-jah roo-MA-tih-kah): an inflammatory disorder of the muscles and joints characterized by pain and stiffness.

polymyositis (pol-ee-my-oh-SIGH-tis): muscle disease characterized by the simultaneous inflammation and weakening of voluntary muscles in many parts of the body.

polyp (POL-ip): a mushroom-like growth from the surface of a mucous membrane.

polyphagia (pol-ee-FAY-jee-ah): excessive hunger.

polysomnography (pol-ee-som-NOG-rah-fee): the diagnostic measurement of physiological activity during sleep.

polyuria (pol-ee-YOU-ree-ah): excessive urination.

port-wine stain: a flat vascular birthmark made up of dilated blood capillaries.

positron emission tomography: an imaging technique that combines tomography with radionuclide tracers to produce enhanced images of selected body organs or areas.

postpartum depression: a mood disorder characterized by sadness and loss of pleasure in normal activities that can occur shortly after giving birth.

post-traumatic stress disorder: the development of characteristic symptoms after a major traumatic event.

prediabetes: a condition in which the blood glucose level is higher than normal but not high enough to be classified as type 2 diabetes.

preeclampsia (pree-ee-KLAMP-see-ah): a complication of pregnancy characterized by hypertension, edema, and proteinuria.

pregnancy test: a diagnostic test to determine if a woman is pregnant.

premature ejaculation: a condition in which the male reaches climax too soon, usually before or shortly after penetration.

premature infant: an infant born before the 37th week of gestation.

premature menopause: a condition in which the ovaries cease functioning before age 40.

premenstrual dysphoric disorder: a condition associated with severe emotional and physical problems linked to the menstrual cycle.

premenstrual syndrome: a group of symptoms experienced by some women within the 2-week period before menstruation.

presbycusis (pres-beh-KOO-sis): a gradual sensorineural hearing loss that occurs as the body ages.

presbyopia (pres-bee-OH-pee-ah): condition of common changes in the eyes that occur with aging.

prescription drug: medication that can legally be dispensed only by a pharmacist with an order from a licensed medical professional.

pressure ulcer: an open ulcerated wound that is caused by prolonged pressure on an area of skin over a bony prominence.

priapism (PRYE-ah-piz-em): a painful erection that lasts four hours or more but is not accompanied by sexual excitement.

primary bone cancer: a relatively rare type of malignant tumor that originates in a bone.

primigravida (prye-mih-GRAV-ih-dah): a woman during her first pregnancy.

primipara (prye-MIP-ah-rah): a woman who has borne one viable child.

probiotics (pro-bye-AH-tics): living microorganisms with a role in aiding digestion and protecting the body from harmful bacteria.

prolactinoma (proh-lack-tih-NOH-mah): a benign tumor of the pituitary gland that causes it to produce too much prolactin.

prone position: a position in which the patient lies face down on the abdomen.

prophylaxis (proh-fih-LACK-sis): treatment, such as vaccination, intended to prevent a disease or stop it from spreading.

prostate cancer: cancer originating in the prostate.

prostatectomy (pros-tah-TECK-toh-mee): surgical removal of all or part of the prostate gland.

prostate-specific antigen: a diagnostic blood test that is used to screen for prostate cancer.

prostatism (PROS-tah-tizm): a disorder resulting from compression or obstruction of the urethra due to benign prostatic hyperplasia.

prostatitis (pros-tah-TYE-tis): inflammation of the prostate gland.

prosthesis (pros-THEE-sis): a substitute for a diseased or missing body part.

proteinuria (proh-tee-in-YOU-ree-ah): the presence of an abnormal amount of protein in the urine.

prothrombin time (proh-THROM-bin): a blood test used to diagnose conditions associated with abnormalities of clotting time and to monitor anticoagulant therapy.

proton pump inhibitor: medication that decreases the amount of acid produced by the stomach.

pruritus: itching.

pruritus vulvae (proo-RYE-tus VUL-vee): severe itching of the external female genitalia.

psoriasis (soh-RYE-uh-sis): a common skin disorder characterized by flare-ups in which red papules covered with silvery scales occur on the elbows, knees, scalp, back, or buttocks.

psoriatic arthritis: an inflammatory form of arthritis developed by about 20% of all people with psoriasis.

psychoanalysis (sigh-koh-ah-NAL-ih-sis): therapy based on the idea that mental disorders have underlying causes stemming from childhood and can only be overcome by gaining insight into one’s feelings and patterns of behavior.

psychotic disorder (sigh-KOT-ick): a condition characterized by the loss of contact with reality and deterioration of normal social functioning.

psychotropic drug (sigh-koh-TROP-pick): medication that acts primarily on the central nervous system, where it produces temporary changes affecting the mind, emotions, and behavior.

ptosis (TOH-sis): drooping of the upper eyelid that is usually due to paralysis.

pulmonary edema (eh-DEE-mah): an accumulation of fluid in the lung tissues.

pulmonary embolism (EM-boh-lizm): the sudden blockage of a pulmonary artery by foreign matter or by an embolus that has formed in the leg or pelvic region.

pulmonary fibrosis (figh-BROH-sis): the progressive formation of scar tissue in the lung, resulting in decreased lung capacity and increased difficulty in breathing.

pulmonary function tests: a group of tests that measure volume and flow of air by utilizing a spirometer.

pulse oximeter (ock-SIM-eh-ter): an external monitor that measures the oxygen saturation level in the blood.

purpura (PUR-pew-rah): multiple purple discolorations on the skin caused by bleeding underneath the skin.

purulent (PYOU-roo-lent): producing or containing pus.

pustule (PUS-tyoul): a small, circumscribed lesion containing pus.

pyelitis: inflammation of the renal pelvis.

pyelonephritis (pye-eh-loh-neh-FRY-tis): inflammation of the renal pelvis and of the kidney.

pyelotomy (pye-eh-LOT-oh-mee): a surgical incision into the renal pelvis.

pyoderma (pye-oh-DER-mah): any acute, inflammatory, pus-forming bacterial skin infection such as impetigo.

pyonephrosis (pye-oh-nef-ROH-sis): suppuration of the kidney.

pyosalpinx (pye-oh-SAL-pinks): an accumulation of pus in the fallopian tube.

pyothorax (pye-oh-THOH-racks): the presence of pus in the pleural cavity between the layers of pleural membrane.

pyrosis (pye-ROH-sis): a burning sensation caused by the return of acidic stomach contents into the esophagus.

pyuria (pye-YOU-ree-ah): the presence of pus in the urine.

Q

Qi Gong (CHEE-gong): a Chinese system of movement, breathing techniques, and meditation.

quadriplegia (kwad-rih-PLEE-jee-ah): paralysis of all four extremities.

R

rabies (RAY-beez): an acute viral infection transmitted to humans by the bite or saliva of an infected animal.

radial keratotomy (ker-ah-TOT-oh-mee): a surgical procedure to treat myopia.

radiation therapy: the treatment of cancers through the use of x-rays.

radical hysterectomy: surgical removal of the uterus, ligaments, cervix and a portion of the vagina.

radiculitis (rah-dick-you-LYE-tis): inflammation of the root of a spinal nerve that causes pain and numbness radiating down the affected limb.

radiculopathy: a condition caused by the compression of a nerve in the spine; also called a pinched nerve.

radioactive iodine treatment: oral administration of radioactive iodine to destroy thyroid cells.

radioactive iodine uptake test: test using radioactive iodine administered orally to measure thyroid function.

radiofrequency ablation: a minimally invasive procedure that relieves chronic nerve pain by burning part of the nerves, preventing the transmission of pain signals.

radiology (ray-dee-OL-oh-jee): the use of radiant energy and radioactive substances in medicine for diagnosis and treatment.

radiolucent (ray-dee-oh-LOO-sent): a substance that allows x-rays to pass through and appears black or dark gray on the resulting film.

radiopaque (ray-dee-oh-PAYK): a substance that does not allow x-rays to pass through and appears white or light gray on the resulting film.

radiopharmaceuticals: drugs containing radioactive materials that produce radiation.

rales (RAHLZ): abnormal crackle-like lung sounds heard while breathing in.

range-of-motion testing: a diagnostic procedure to evaluate joint mobility and muscle strength.

Raynaud’s disease (ray-NOHZ): a peripheral arterial occlusive disease in which intermittent attacks are triggered by cold or stress.

rectal administration: the insertion of medication into the rectum as either suppositories or liquid solutions.

rectocele (RECK-toh-seel): a bulging of the front wall of the rectum into the vagina.

recumbent (ree-KUM-bent): any position in which the patient is lying down.

red blood cell count: a blood test that is performed to determine the number of erythrocytes in the blood.

refraction test: an examination procedure to determine an eye’s refractive error so that the best corrective lenses can be prescribed.

refractive disorder: a focusing problem caused when the lens and cornea do not bend light so that it focuses properly on the retina.

regurgitation (ree-gur-jih-TAY-shun): the return of swallowed food into the mouth.

Reiki (RAY-kee): a technique in which the practitioner transfers healing energy by means of visualization or gentle touch.

renal cell carcinoma: the most common form of kidney cancer in adults.

renal colic (REE-nal KOLL-ick): acute pain in the kidney area that is caused by blockage during the passage of a kidney stone.

renal failure: the inability of one or both of the kidneys to perform their functions.

renal transplantation: the grafting of a donor kidney into the body to replace the recipient’s failed kidneys.

repetitive stress disorders: a variety of muscular conditions that result from repeated motions performed in the course of normal activities.

respiratory failure: a condition in which the level of oxygen in the blood becomes dangerously low or the level of carbon dioxide becomes dangerously high.

respiratory syncytial virus (sin-SIH-shul): a common, highly contagious viral infection spread by respiratory droplets.

restenosis: the condition when an artery that has been opened by angioplasty closes again.

restless legs syndrome: a neurological disorder characterized by uncomfortable feelings in the legs, producing a strong urge to move them.

retinal detachment: the separation of all of the light-sensitive retina from the choroid.

retinal tear: the separation of some of the light-sensitive retina from the choroid.

retinitis pigmentosa (ret-ih-NIGH-tis pig-men-TOH-sah): a progressive degeneration of the retina that affects night and peripheral vision.

retinoblastoma: a type of eye cancer caused by the abnormal growth of retinal cells.

retinoids (RET-ih-noydz): a class of chemical compounds derived from vitamin A that are used in skin care and treatment.

retinopathy (ret-ih-NOP-ah-thee): any disease of the retina.

retrograde ejaculation: when an orgasm results in semen flowing backward into the bladder instead of out through the penis.

retrograde pyelogram: an x-ray of the urinary system taken after a contrast medium has been placed in the urethra and caused to flow upward through the urinary tract.

revision surgery: the replacement of a worn or failed implant.

Reye’s syndrome: a potentially serious or deadly disorder in children characterized by vomiting and confusion, sometimes following a viral illness for which the child was treated with aspirin.

rhabdomyolysis (rab-doh-my-AHL-eh-sis): a syndrome that can result from muscle injury in which the death of muscle fibers releases their contents into the bloodstream.

rheumatoid arthritis (ROO-mah-toyd ar-THRIGH-tis): a chronic autoimmune disorder in which the joints and some organs of other body systems are attacked.

rhinophyma (rye-noh-FIGH-muh): hyperplasia of the tissues of the nose.

rhinorrhea (rye-noh-REE-ah): the watery flow of mucus from the nose.

rhonchi (RONG-kye): a coarse, rattling sound somewhat like snoring, usually caused by secretions in the bronchial airways.

rhytidectomy (rit-ih-DECK-toh-mee): surgical removal of excess skin and fat from the face to eliminate wrinkles.

rickets (RICK-ets): a deficiency disease occurring in children involving defective bone growth due to vitamin D deficiency.

rickettsia (rih-KET-see-ah): a small bacterium that lives in lice, fleas, ticks, and mites.

root canal: a procedure in which diseased or damaged pulp in the root canal is removed in order to save the tooth.

rosacea (roh-ZAY-shee-ah): a chronic skin condition of unknown cause that produces tiny red pimples and enlarged blood vessels.

roseola: a viral illness common in infants, characterized by a high fever followed by a rash.

rotator cuff tear: a partial or complete tear in the rotator cuff that occurs as the irritated tendon weakens, or as the result of a fall or injury.

rubella (roo-BELL-ah): a viral infection characterized by a low-grade fever, swollen glands, inflamed eyes, and a fine, pink rash.

ruptured spleen: a medical emergency that occurs when the covering of the spleen is torn.

S

sacrocolpopexy (sa-kroh-KOL-poh-peck-see): surgical fixation of a prolapsed vagina to a surrounding structure such as the sacrum.

salmonellosis (sal-moh-nel-LOH-sis): an infectious disease transmitted by feces, either through direct contact or by eating contaminated raw or undercooked food.

salpingectomy (sal-pin-JECK-toh-mee): surgical removal of one or both fallopian tubes.

salpingitis (sal-pin-JIGH-tis): inflammation of a fallopian tube.

salpingo-oophorectomy (sal-ping-goh oh-ahf-oh-RECK-toh-mee): surgical removal of a fallopian tube and ovary.

sarcoma (sar-KOH-mah): a malignant tumor that arises from connective tissues.

sarcopenia (sar-koh-PEE-nee-ah): the loss of muscle mass, strength, and function that comes with aging.

scabies (SKAY-beez): a skin infection caused by an infestation of itch mites.

scales: flakes or dry patches made up of excess dead epidermal cells.

schizoaffective disorder: a psychiatric disorder combining schizophrenia symptoms with bipolar or depressive disorder symptoms.

schizophrenia (skit-soh-FREE-nee-ah): a psychotic disorder characterized by withdrawal from reality, illogical patterns of thinking, delusions, and hallucinations.

sciatica (sigh-AT-ih-kah): inflammation of the sciatic nerve that results in pain, burning, and tingling along the course of the affected nerve.

scleral buckle (SKLER-al): a silicone band or sponge used to repair a detached retina.

scleritis (skleh-RYE-tis): inflammation of the sclera of the eye.

scleroderma (sklehr-oh-DER-mah): an autoimmune disorder in which the connective tissues become thickened and hardened, causing the skin to become hard and swollen.

sclerotherapy (sklehr-oh-THER-ah-pee): treatment of spider veins by injecting a saline sclerosing solution into the vein.

scoliosis (skoh-lee-OH-sis): an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine.

scotoma (skoh-TOH-mah): an abnormal area of diminished vision surrounded by an area of normal vision.

seasonal affective disorder: a bout of depression associated with the decrease in hours of daylight during winter months.

seborrheic dermatitis (seb-oh-REE-ick der-mah-TYE-tis): inflammation resulting from overactivity of the sebaceous glands that causes scaling and itching of the upper layers of the skin or scalp.

seborrheic keratosis (seb-oh-REE-ick kerr-ah-TOH-sis): a benign skin growth that has a waxy or “pasted-on” look.

secondary bone cancer: tumors that have metastasized to bones from other organs such as the breasts and lungs.

sedative: medication that depresses the central nervous system to produce calm and diminished responsiveness without producing sleep.

seizure (SEE-zhur): a sudden surge of electrical activity in the brain that affects how a person feels or acts for a short time.

sensorineural hearing loss: hearing loss that develops when the auditory nerve or hair cells in the inner ear are damaged.

septoplasty (SEP-toh-plas-tee): surgical repair of parts of the nasal septum.

sepsis (SEP-sis): an infection that results from bacteria or other infectious organisms entering the bloodstream.

serum bilirubin test: a blood test that measures the ability of the liver to take up, process, and secrete bilirubin into the bile.

severe combined immunodeficiency: a condition in which abnormalities in the immune system cause an increased susceptibility to infection and failure to thrive as a result of infections.

severe obesity: the condition of having a body mass index value greater than 40.

sexually transmitted diseases: infections caused by either a bacteria or a virus transmitted through sexual intercourse or other genital contact.

shaken baby syndrome: syndrome that results from a child being violently shaken by someone.

shigellosis: a bacterial infection caused by shigella, which can cause diarrhea and fever.

shin splint: pain caused by the muscle tearing away from the tibia.

short stature: condition resulting from the failure of the bones of the limbs to grow to an appropriate length compared to the size of the head and trunk.

sickle cell anemia: a genetic disorder that causes abnormal hemoglobin, resulting in red blood cells that assume an abnormal sickle shape.

sigmoidoscopy (sig-moi-DOS-koh-pee): the endoscopic examination of the interior of the rectum, sigmoid colon, and possibly a portion of the descending colon.

sign: objective evidence of disease, such as a fever.

silicosis (sill-ih-KOH-sis): a form of pneumoconiosis caused by inhaling silica dust.

Sims’ position: an examination position in which the patient is lying on the left side with the right knee and thigh drawn up with the left arm placed along the back.

single photon emission computed tomography: a type of nuclear imaging test that produces 3-D computer-reconstructed images showing perfusion through tissues and organs.

singultus (sing-GUL-tus): myoclonus of the diaphragm that causes the characteristic hiccup sound with each spasm.

sinusitis (sigh-nuh-SIGH-tis): an inflammation of the sinuses.

skin cancer: a malignant growth on the skin, which can have many causes, including repeated severe sunburns or long-term exposure to the sun.

skin grafts: the replacement of damaged skin with healthy tissue taken from a donor site on the patient’s body.

skin tags: small, flesh-colored or light-brown polyps that hang from the skin’s surface by fine stalks.

sleep apnea (AP-nee-ah): a potentially serious disorder in which breathing repeatedly stops during sleep for long enough periods to cause a measurable decrease in blood oxygen levels.

sleep deprivation: a sufficient lack of restorative sleep over a cumulative period so as to cause physical or psychiatric symptoms and affect routine performance or tasks.

sleep hyperhidrosis: the occurrence of hyperhidrosis during sleep.

slit-lamp ophthalmoscopy (ahf-thal-MOS-koh-pee): a diagnostic procedure in which a narrow beam of light is focused to permit the ophthalmologist to examine the structures at the front of the eye including the cornea, iris, and lens.

smoke inhalation: chemical damage and burns to the lungs caused by breathing in hot smoke containing products of combustion.

Snellen chart: printed chart used to measure visual acuity.

social anxiety disorder: excessive fear of social situations in which the person fears negative evaluation by others or embarrassing himself or herself in front of others.

somatic symptom disorder (soh-MAT-ick): characterized by physical complaints or concerns about one’s body that are out of proportion to any physical findings or disease.

somnambulism (som-NAM-byou-lizm): the condition of walking or performing some other activity without awakening.

spasm: a sudden, involuntary contraction of one or more muscles.

speculum (SPECK-you-lum): an instrument used to enlarge the opening of any canal or cavity to facilitate inspection of its interior.

sperm count: the testing of freshly ejaculated semen to determine the volume plus the number, shape, size, and motility of the sperm.

spina bifida (SPY-nah BIF-ih-dah): a congenital defect that occurs during early pregnancy in which the spinal canal fails to close completely around the spinal cord.

spinal anesthesia: regional anesthesia produced by injecting medication into the subarachnoid space.

spinal cord injury: paralysis resulting from damage to the spinal cord that prevents nerve impulses from being transmitted below the level of the injury.

spinal fusion: a technique to immobilize part of the spine by joining together two or more vertebrae.

spinal stenosis: a narrowing of the spaces within the spine that may cause pain by putting pressure on the nerves and spinal cord.

spiral fracture: a fracture in which the bone has been twisted apart.

spirochetes (SPY-roh-keets): long, slender, spiral-shaped bacteria that have flexible walls and are capable of movement.

spirometer (spih-ROM-eh-ter): a recording device that measures the amount of air inhaled or exhaled (volume) and the length of time required for each breath.

splenomegaly (splee-noh-MEG-ah-lee): an abnormal enlargement of the spleen.

spondylolisthesis (spon-dih-loh-liss-THEE-sis): the forward slipping movement of the body of one of the lower lumbar vertebrae on the vertebra below it.

spondylosis (spon-dih-LOH-sis): a degenerative disorder that can cause the loss of normal spinal structure and function.

sprain: an injury to a joint, such as ankle, knee, or wrist, that usually involves a wrenched or torn ligament.

sputum (SPYOU-tum): phlegm ejected through the mouth that can be examined for diagnostic purposes.

sputum culture and sensitivity: a diagnostic test in which a sputum sample is monitored for bacterial growth and antibiotic sensitivity.

sputum cytology: a diagnostic test in which a sputum sample is examined under a microscope to detect cancer cells.

squamous cell carcinoma (SKWAY-mus): a malignant tumor of the scaly squamous cells of the epithelium that can quickly spread to other body systems.

staging: the process of classifying tumors by how far the disease has progressed, the potential for its responding to therapy, and the patient’s prognosis.

stapedectomy (stay-peh-DECK-toh-mee): surgical removal of the stapes bone and the insertion of a prosthetic device that conducts sound vibrations to the inner ear.

staphylococci (staf-ih-loh-KOCK-sigh): a group of about 30 species of bacteria that form irregular groups or clusters resembling grapes.

staphylococcus aureus: a form of staphylococcus that often infects wounds and causes serious problems such as toxic shock syndrome.

steatorrhea (stee-at-oh-REE-ah): the presence of excess fat in the stool.

stent: a wire-mesh tube that is implanted in a coronary artery to provide support to the arterial wall.

stereotactic radiosurgery: treatment using a three-dimensional coordinate system to accurately find small tumors within the body and deliver radiation to them while minimizing damage to the surrounding tissue.

sterilization: any procedure rendering an individual incapable of reproduction.

stethoscope (STETH-oh-skope): an instrument used to listen to sounds within the body.

stillbirth: the birth of a fetus that died before or during delivery.

stimulant: a substance that works by increasing activity in certain areas of the brain to increase concentration and wakefulness.

stomatitis (stoh-mah-TYE-tis): inflammation of the mucosa of the mouth.

stone: an abnormal mineral deposit that has formed within the body.

stool tests: specimens of feces that are examined for content and characteristics.

strabismus (strah-BIZ-mus): a disorder in which the eyes point in different directions or are not aligned correctly because the eye muscles are unable to focus together.

strain: an injury to the body of a muscle or the attachment of a tendon.

strangulated hernia: a condition that occurs when a portion of the small intestine is constricted inside a hernia and the blood supply to the intestine is cut off.

streptococci (strep-toh-KOCK-sigh): bacteria that form a chain.

stress fracture: a small crack in a bone that often develops from chronic, excessive impact.

stress incontinence: the inability to control the voiding of urine under physical stress such as running, sneezing, laughing, or coughing.

stress test: the use of electrocardiography to assess cardiovascular health and function during and after stress such as exercise on a treadmill.

stricture: an abnormal narrowing of a bodily passage such as the esophagus resulting from scar tissue or other damage.

stridor (STRYE-dor): an abnormal, high-pitched, musical breathing sound caused by a blockage in the throat or larynx.

stupor (STOO-per): an unresponsive state from which a person can be aroused only briefly despite vigorous, repeated attempts.

subconjunctival hemorrhage: bleeding between the conjunctiva and the sclera.

subcutaneous injection: the administration of medication by injection into the fatty layer just below the skin.

sublingual administration: the placement of medication under the tongue where it is allowed to dissolve slowly.

subluxation (sub-luck-SAY-shun): the partial displacement of a bone from its joint.

substance abuse: the addictive use of tobacco, alcohol, medications, or illegal drugs.

sudden infant death syndrome: the sudden and unexplainable death of an apparently healthy sleeping infant between the ages of 1 month to 1 year.

supplemental oxygen: administered when the patient is unable to maintain an adequate oxygen saturation level in the blood from breathing normal air.

suppuration (sup-you-RAY-shun): the formation of pus.

suprapubic catheterization (soo-prah-PYOU-bick): the placement of a urinary catheter into the bladder through a small incision made through the abdominal wall.

supraventricular tachycardia (soo-prah-ven-TRICK-you-lar tack-ee-KAR-dee-ah): an episode of irregular heart rhythm that begins and ends abruptly during which there are very rapid and regular heartbeats that originate at or above the AV node.

surgical biopsy (BYE-op-see): surgical removal of a small piece of tissue for examination to confirm a diagnosis.

symptom (SIMP-tum): subjective evidence of a disease, such as pain or a headache.

synchronized cardioversion: an intervention for restoring normal heart rhythm using a timed, lower voltage electrical shock than defibrillation in a non-emergency situation.

syncope (SIN-koh-pee): the brief loss of consciousness caused by the decreased flow of blood to the brain.

syndrome (SIN-drohm): a set of signs and symptoms that occur together as part of a specific disease process.

syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone: overproduction of the antidiuretic hormone ADH, leading to bloating, water retention, and electrolyte imbalance.

synergism (SIN-er-jizm): the interaction of two drugs taken together that enhances the effectiveness of both.

synovectomy (sin-oh-VECK-toh-mee): surgical removal of a synovial membrane from a joint.

synovitis (sin-oh-VYE-tiss): inflammation of the synovial membrane that results in swelling and pain of the affected joint.

synthetic immunoglobulins: a post-exposure preventive measure against certain viruses including rabies and some types of hepatitis.

synthetic interferon: medication administered to treat multiple sclerosis, hepatitis C, and some cancers.

syphilis (SIF-ih-lis): a sexually transmitted disease that is caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum.

systemic lupus erythematosus: an autoimmune disorder characterized by a red, scaly rash on the face and upper trunk that also attacks the connective tissue in other body systems.

T

tachycardia (tack-ee-KAR-dee-ah): an abnormally rapid resting heartbeat usually at a rate of more than 100 beats per minute.

tachypnea (tack-ihp-NEE-ah): an abnormally rapid rate of respiration usually of more than 20 breaths per minute.

targeted therapy: a form of anti-cancer drug therapy that uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack specific cancer cells without harming normal cells.

tarsorrhaphy (tahr-SOR-ah-fee): the partial or complete suturing together of the upper and lower eyelids.

teletherapy (tel-eh-THER-ah-pee): precisely targeted radiation therapy administered at a distance from the body.

temporal arteritis (TEM-poh-ral ar-teh-RYE-tis): inflammation of the temporal arteries that can cause headache, visual impairment, or other symptoms.

tendinitis (ten-dih-NIGH-itis): inflammation of the tendons caused by excessive or unusual use of the joint.

tendinopathy: general term for irritation or degeneration of a tendon in any joint.

tendinosis: a chronic condition characterized by pain due to repetitive overuse or an injury that has not healed.

tenodesis (ten-ODD-eh-sis): surgical suturing of the end of a tendon to bone.

tenolysis (ten-OL-ih-sis): the release of a tendon from adhesions.

tenorrhaphy (ten-OR-ah-fee): surgical suturing of a tendon.

tenosynovitis (ten-oh-sin-oh-VYE-tis): inflammation of the sheath around a tendon.

tenotomy (ten-OT-ah-mee): surgical cutting of a tendon to provide release or allow lengthening.

testicular cancer: cancer that originates in the testicles.

testicular self-examination: a self-help step in early detection of testicular cancer by detecting lumps, swelling, or changes in the skin of the scrotum.

testicular torsion: a sharp pain in the scrotum caused by twisting of the vas deferens and blood vessels leading into the testicle.

tetanus (TET-ah-nus): an acute and potentially fatal infection of the central nervous system caused by a toxin produced by the tetanus bacteria.

thalamotomy (thal-ah-MOT-oh-mee): a surgical incision into the thalamus.

thalassemia (thal-ah-SEE-mee-ah): an inherited blood disorder that causes mild or severe anemia due to reduced hemoglobin and fewer red blood cells than normal.

thallium stress test (THAL-ee-um): nuclear imaging test performed to evaluate blood flow to the heart during exercise.

therapeutic ultrasound: the use of high-frequency sound waves to treat muscle injuries by generating heat deep within muscle tissue.

thoracentesis (thoh-rah-sen-TEE-sis): surgical puncture of the chest wall with a needle to obtain fluid from the pleural cavity.

thoracotomy (thoh-rah-KOT-toh-mee): a surgical incision into the chest walls to open the pleural cavity for biopsy or treatment.

thrombocytopenia (throm-boh-sigh-toh-PEE-nee-ah): a condition in which there is an abnormally small number of platelets circulating in the blood.

thrombocytosis (throm-boh-sigh-TOH-sis): an abnormal increase in the number of platelets in the circulating blood.

thrombolytic (throm-boh-LIT-ick): medication that dissolves or causes a thrombus to break up.

thrombosis (throm-BOH-sis): the abnormal condition of having a thrombus.

thrombotic occlusion (throm-BOT-ick ah-KLOO-zhun): the blocking of an artery by a thrombus.

thrombus (THROM-bus): a blood clot attached to the interior wall of an artery or vein.

thymectomy (thigh-MECK-toh-mee): surgical removal of the thymus gland.

thyroid carcinoma: cancer of the thyroid gland.

thyroid replacement therapy: use of synthetic thyroid hormones to replace lost thyroid function.

thyroid scan: a specialized nuclear scan to evaluate thyroid function.

thyroid-stimulating hormone assay: a blood test to measure the circulating blood level of thyroid-stimulating hormone.

thyroid storm: a relatively rare, life-threatening condition caused by exaggerated hyperthyroidism.

tinea (TIN-ee-ah): a fungal infection that can grow on the skin, hair, or nails.

tinnitus (tih-NIGH-tus): a condition of ringing, buzzing, or roaring sound in one or both ears.

tissue plasminogen activator (plaz-MIN-oh-jen): a thrombolytic medication administered to some patients having a heart attack or stroke to dissolve damaging blood clots.

tolerance: acquired unresponsiveness to a specific antigen or decline in effective response to a drug usually due to repeated use.

tomotherapy: combination of tomography with radiation therapy to precisely target tumors.

tonic-clonic seizure: a type of seizure involving the whole body.

tonometry (toh-NOM-eh-tree): the measurement of intraocular pressure.

tonsillectomy (ton-sih-LECK-toh-mee): surgical removal of the tonsils.

tonsillitis (ton-sih-LYE-tis): inflammation of the tonsils.

topical application: medication in liquid or ointment form rubbed into the skin on the area to be treated.

topical steroids: steroids used in treatment of various skin disorders and diseases.

torticollis (tor-tih-KOL-is): a stiff neck due to spasmodic contraction of the neck muscles that pull the head toward the affected side.

total hemoglobin test: a blood test that measures the amount of hemoglobin found in whole blood.

total hip replacement: surgery performed to restore a damaged hip to full function by removing the head of the femur and replacing it with a metal ball.

total hysterectomy: surgical removal of the uterus and cervix, either through the vagina or laparoscopically through the abdomen.

total knee replacement: surgical placement of an artificial joint during which all parts of the knee are replaced.

Tourette syndrome (tuh-RET): a complex neurological disorder characterized by involuntary tics, grunts, and compulsive utterances.

toxoplasmosis (tock-soh-plaz-MOH-sis): a disease caused by a parasite most commonly transmitted from pets to humans by contact with contaminated feces.

tracheostomy (tray-kee-OS-toh-mee): surgical creation of a stoma into the trachea in order to insert a tube to facilitate breathing.

tracheotomy (tray-kee-OT-oh-mee): an emergency procedure in which an incision is made into the trachea to gain access to the airway below a blockage.

traction: a pulling force exerted on a limb in a distal direction in an effort to return the bone or joint to normal alignment.

traditional Chinese medicine: a system of ancient Chinese medicinal treatments, including acupuncture, to prevent, diagnose, and treat disease.

transcatheter aortic valve replacement: a procedure in which the existing aortic valve is left in place and a replacement valve is inserted via a catheter.

transcranial magnetic stimulation: brief, powerful electromagnetic pulses used to alter electrical pathways in the brain.

transcutaneous electronic nerve stimulation: a method of pain control by wearing a device that delivers small electrical impulses to the nerve endings through the skin.

transdermal: the administration of medication through the unbroken skin so that it is absorbed continuously to produce a systemic effect.

transesophageal echocardiography (trans-eh-sof-ah-JEE-al eck-oh-kar-dee-OG-rah-fee): an ultrasonic imaging technique that is performed from inside the esophagus to evaluate heart structures.

transfusion reaction: a serious and potentially fatal complication of a blood transfusion in which a severe immune response occurs because the patient’s blood and the donated blood do not match.

transient ischemic attack (iss-KEE-mick): a temporary interruption in the blood supply to the brain.

transurethral prostatectomy: the removal of excess tissue from an enlarged prostate gland with the use of a resectoscope.

transvaginal ultrasound (trans-VAJ-ih-nal): a diagnostic test utilizing ultrasound to image the uterus and ovaries.

transverse fracture: a fracture that occurs straight across the bone.

trauma (TRAW-mah): wound or injury.

traumatic brain injury: a blow to the head or a penetrating head injury that damages the brain.

tremor: a repetitive, involuntary muscle movement usually involving the hands, arms, head, or face.

triage (tree-AHZH): the medical screening of patients to determine their relative priority of need and the proper place of treatment.

trichomoniasis (trick-oh-moh-NYE-ah-sis): a sexually transmitted infection caused by the parasite Trichomonas vaginalis.

trichomycosis axillaris (try-koh-my-KOH-sis ak-sih-LAH-ris): superficial bacterial infection of the hair shafts in areas with extensive sweat glands such as the armpits.

trigeminal neuralgia (try-JEM-ih-nal new-RAL-jee-ah): inflammation of the fifth cranial nerve characterized by sudden, intense, brief attacks of sharp pain on one side of the face.

trigger finger: the painful and progressive restriction of movement caused by inflammation of a tendon’s synovial sheath.

trismus (TRIZ-mus): any restriction to the opening of the mouth caused by trauma, surgery, or radiation associated with the treatment of oral cancer.

tubal ligation: a surgical procedure performed for the purpose of female sterilization.

tuberculin skin testing: a screening test for tuberculosis in which the skin of the arm is injected with a harmless antigen extracted from the TB bacteria.

tuberculosis (too-ber-kew-LOH-sis): an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that usually attacks the lungs.

tumor: an abnormal growth of body tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled, abnormal, rapid, and progressive; also known as a neoplasm.

tympanometry (tim-pah-NOM-eh-tree): the use of air pressure in the ear canal to test for disorders of the middle ear.

tympanoplasty (tim-pah-noh-PLAS-tee): surgical correction of a hole in the eardrum, either to cure chronic inflammation or to restore function.

type 1 diabetes: an autoimmune insulin deficiency disorder caused by the destruction of pancreatic islet beta cells.

type 2 diabetes: an insulin resistance disorder in which, although insulin is being produced, the body does not use it effectively.

U

ulcer (UL-ser): an open lesion of the skin or mucous membrane resulting in tissue loss around the edges.

ulcerative colitis (UL-ser-ay-tiv koh-LYE-tis): a chronic condition of unknown cause in which repeated episodes of inflammation in the rectum and large intestine cause ulcers and irritation.

ultrasonic bone density testing: a screening test for osteoporosis or other conditions that cause a loss of bone mass.

ultrasonography (ul-trah-son-OG-rah-fee): the imaging of deep body structures by recording the echoes of sound wave pulses that are above the range of human hearing; also known as ultrasound.

unconscious: a state of being unaware and unable to respond to any stimuli including pain.

upper GI series and lower GI series: radiographic studies to examine the digestive system using a contrast medium to make these structures visible.

upper respiratory infection: a term used to describe the common cold.

uremia (you-REE-mee-ah): a toxic condition in which urea and other waste products normally excreted in the urine are retained in the blood.

ureteral obstruction: blockage of one or both ureters.

ureterectomy (you-reh-ter-ECK-toh-mee): surgical removal of a ureter.

ureterolith (you-REE-ter-oh-lith): a stone located anywhere along the ureter.

ureterorrhagia (you-ree-ter-oh-RAY-jee-ah): the discharge of blood from the ureter.

ureteroscopy (you-reet-eh-ROS-koh-pee): a treatment for a stone lodged in the ureter.

urethral catheterization: the insertion of a tube through the urethra and into the bladder.

urethritis (you-reh-THRIGH-tis): inflammation of the urethra.

urethroplasty (you-REE-throh-plas-tee): surgical repair of the walls of the urethra.

urethrorrhagia (you-ree-throh-RAY-jee-ah): bleeding from the urethra.

urethrorrhea (you-ree-throh-REE-ah): abnormal discharge from the urethra.

urethrostenosis (you-ree-throh-steh-NOH-sis): abnormal narrowing of the urethra.

urethrotomy (you-reh-THROT-oh-mee): a surgical incision into the urethra.

urinalysis (you-rih-NAL-ih-sis): the examination of urine to determine the presence of abnormal elements.

urinary catheterization (kath-eh-ter-eye-ZAY-shun): the insertion of a tube into the bladder in order to obtain a sterile specimen, drain urine or inject medication.

urinary hesitancy: difficulty in starting a urinary stream.

urinary incontinence: the inability to control the voiding of urine.

urinary retention: the inability to completely empty the bladder when attempting to urinate.

urinary tract infection: an infection involving the structures of the urinary system that usually begins in the bladder.

urinary tract obstruction: a blockage that prevents the flow of urine in one part of the urinary tract.

urosepsis: a life-threatening systemic bacterial infection that can occur when a urinary tract infection spreads to the kidneys.

urticaria (ur-tih-KARE-ee-ah): itchy wheals on the skin caused by an allergic reaction.

uterine fibroid: a benign tumor composed of muscle and fibrous tissue that occurs in the wall of the uterus.

uterine prolapse (proh-LAPS): the condition in which the uterus slides from its normal position in the pelvic cavity and sags into the vagina.

uveitis (you-vee-EYE-tis): inflammation of the uvea causing swelling and irritation.

V

vaginal atrophy: thinning, drying, and inflammation of the vaginal walls caused by hormonal changes.

vaginal candidiasis (kan-dih-DYE-ah-sis): a vaginal infection caused by Candida albicans.

vaginismus (VAJ-ih-nihz-mis): an involuntary spasm of the pelvic floor muscles that close off the vagina.

vaginitis (vaj-ih-NIGH-tis): inflammation of the lining of the vagina.

valvular stenosis (steh-NOH-sis): a condition in which there is narrowing, stiffening, thickening, or blockage of one or more valves of the heart.

valvuloplasty (VAL-view-loh-plas-tee): surgical repair or replacement of a heart valve.

varicella (var-ih-SEL-ah): a highly contagious infection caused by the herpesvirus Varicella zoster; also known as chickenpox.

varicocele (VAR-ih-koh-seel): a knot of varicose veins in one side of the scrotum.

varicocelectomy (var-ih-koh-sih-LECK-toh-mee): the removal of a portion of an enlarged vein to relieve a varicocele.

varicose veins (VAR-ih-kohs VAYNS): abnormally swollen veins usually occurring in the superficial veins of the legs.

vascular birthmarks: birthmarks caused by blood vessels close to the skin’s surface.

vascular dementia: a form of dementia caused by a restriction of blood to the brain.

vasculitis (vas-kyou-LYE-tis): inflammation of a blood vessel.

vasectomy (vah-SECK-toh-mee): the male sterilization procedure in which a small portion of the vas deferens is surgically blocked or cut.

vasoconstrictor (vas-oh-kon-STRICK-tor): medication that causes blood vessels to narrow.

vasodilator (vas-oh-dye-LAYT-or): medication that causes blood vessels to expand.

vasovasostomy (vay-soh-vah-ZOS-toh-mee): a procedure performed as an attempt to restore fertility to a vasectomized male.

vector-borne transmission: the spread of certain disease due to the bite of a vector (insects or animals that are capable of transmitting a disease).

venography (vee-NOG-rah-fee): a radiographic test that provides an image of specific veins after a contrast dye is injected.

venous thromboembolism: a blood clot that originates in a vein.

ventilator: a mechanical device for artificial respiration that is used to replace or supplement the patient’s natural breathing function.

ventricular fibrillation (ven-TRICK-you-lar fih-brih-LAY-shun): rapid, irregular, and useless contractions of the ventricles.

ventricular tachycardia (ven-TRICK-you-lar tack-ee-KAR-dee-ah): a very rapid heartbeat that begins within the ventricles.

verrucae (veh-ROO-kee): small, hard skin lesions caused by the human papillomavirus.

vertigo (VER-tih-goh): a sense of whirling, dizziness, and the loss of balance, often combined with nausea and vomiting.

vesicle (VES-ih-kul): a small blister, less than 0.5 cm in diameter, containing watery fluid.

vesicoureteral reflux (veh-sih-ko-you-REE-teh-ral): the backward flow of urine into the ureters from the bladder.

vesicovaginal fistula (ves-ih-koh-VAJ-ih-nahl FIS-tyou-lah): an abnormal opening between the bladder and vagina.

vestibular rehabilitation therapy (ves-TIB-you-lar): a form of physical therapy designed to treat a variety of balance disorders.

video-assisted thoracic surgery: the use of a thoracoscope to view the inside of the pleural cavity through very small incisions.

viral (VYE-ral): pertaining to a virus.

viral pneumonia: pneumonia caused by one of several different types of viruses.

viruses (VYE-rus-ez): very small infectious agents that live only by invading other cells.

visual acuity (ah-KYOU-ih-tee): the ability to distinguish object details and shape at a distance.

visual field testing: a diagnostic test to determine losses in peripheral vision.

viscosupplementation: a treatment using injections of hyaluronic acid in the knee to increase the joint’s viscous fluid, providing temporary relief from arthritis pain.

vitiligo (vit-ih-LYE-goh): a skin condition resulting from the destruction of melanocytes due to unknown causes, resulting in irregular patches of white skin.

vitrectomy (vih-TRECK-toh-mee): the removal of the vitreous humor in the eye and its replacement with a saline solution.

voiding cystourethrography (sis-toh-you-ree-THROG-rah-fee): a diagnostic procedure in which a fluoroscope is used to examine the flow of urine from the bladder and through the urethra.

volvulus (VOL-view-lus): twisting of the intestine on itself, causing an obstruction.

vulvitis (vul-VYE-tis): inflammation of the vulva.

vulvodynia (vul-voh-DIN-ee-ah): a painful syndrome of unknown cause characterized by chronic burning, pain during sexual intercourse, itching, or stinging irritation of the vulva.

W

Weber and Rinne tests: hearing tests that use a tuning fork to distinguish between conductive and sensorineural hearing losses.

wedge resection: a surgery in which a small, wedge-shaped piece of cancerous lung tissue is removed, along with a margin of healthy tissue around the cancer.

wellness: actively working toward a state of being in good physical and mental health.

West Nile virus: a viral infection that causes flu-like symptoms, transmitted to humans by mosquito bites.

wheal (WHEEL): a small bump on the skin that itches.

white blood cell count: a blood test to determine the number of leukocytes in the blood.

white blood cell differential: a blood test to determine what percentage of the total white blood cell count is composed of each of the five types of leukocytes.

Wilms tumor: a rare type of malignant tumor of the kidney that occurs in young children.

X

xeroderma (zee-roh-DER-mah): excessively dry skin.

xerophthalmia (zeer-ahf-THAL-mee-ah): drying of eye surfaces, including the conjunctiva.

xerostomia (zeer-oh-STOH-mee-ah): the lack of adequate saliva due to diminished secretions by the salivary glands.

x-ray: the image produced by the use of radiant energy to visualize conditions such as bone fractures; also known as a radiograph.

x-ray imaging: the use of x-radiation to visualize hard-tissue internal structures, also known as radiography.

Y

yeast: a type of fungus.

Z

Zika virus: a viral infection spread to humans by the bite of an infected mosquito, which can cause fever, rash, and birth defects.