conceptualizing deviance: statistical, legalistic, normative

normative approach to conceptualizing deviance: considering what would evoke a disapproving response from others

relativist perspective: deviance is not an inherent characteristic of an act, but is the result of social construction, it is defined by society

absolutist perspective: some behaviors are inherently deviant, deviance is part of its nature

ethnocentrism: evaluation of cultures based on standards of your own culture

conflict perspective: subtype of relativist approach, says that “deviant” is used as weapon against vulnerable people, used to preserve social dominance of powerful groups

“nuts, sluts, and perverts” : Liazos

Liazos: nuts,sluts, perverts, felt sociologists had stigmatized deviants to social norms, wanted to discontinue use of word deviant

Liazos wanted to switch word deviant with: victimization, persecution, or oppression

Wolf and Zuckerman: deviance is requirement for social change

Cesare Lombroso: believed people were born criminals

Durkheim: organization of society inhibits suicide, characteristics of society (such as its ability to regulate behavior and foster solidarity)

anomie: society’s norms fail to regulate behavior, bond between individual and the community breaks

Erikson: punishing deviants-→ members of society affirm moral boundaries

Durkheim’s functionalist view: deviance increases, bar for what is considered deviant rises

Merton’s view of anomie: societal emphasis on success and underemphasis on means to achieve it, deviance is result of culture

control perspectives: social disorganization: some neighborhoods have more crime bc their conditions make it difficult for the community to achieve collective efficacy and social control: conform to norms due to threat of formal or informal sanctions

self-control theory: risk seeking, self cntered, search for simple tasks, lead to acts of force or fraud (children will fail to find self control without help of caregivers)

learning theories: deviance is no diff from other social behaviors, they have a normative transmission, learned behavior

strain theories: Agnew, failure to achieve positively valued goals, removal of positively valued stimuli, presentation of negatively valued stimuli

corrective action: coping that seeks to address strain (violent retaliation)

moral entrepreenurship: seek to change norms to align w their views

medicalization of deviance

labeling:

primary deviance: no deviant label associated

secondary deviance: occurs as result of deviant lable

becker’s typology of deviance

neutralization techniques used by violators: denial of responsibility, denial of injury, denial of victim, condemning the condemners, appeal to higher loyalties

compensatory strategies: offset deviance

gabrication: presentation of false identity

concealment

signaling

private property source of problems, provides motivation

conflict perspective: control = key to wealth

social stratification: distribution of goods

estate: social standing determined distribution

intra- change during life