Speaker - The author of a text Purpose - What the speaker hopes to achieve Audience - Who the text is directed toward - Context - The larger situation in which the test happens Exigence - Reason for producing a text Quantifiable - Evidence that is measured - Statistics Qualifiable - Evidence that reflects feelings - Personal story Descriptive/Comparative - Describing and comparing different aspects of a particular situation - analogy (extended comparison) Ethos - Appeals to credibility - Pathos - Appeals to emotions - Logos - Appeals to logic - Tone - The author's attitude toward the subject - Diction - The authors word choice - Imagery - Descriptive language that engages the senses - Details - What the author leaves in and out of the text - Either or fallacy - Only 2 options - Bandwagon fallacy - A popular idea so it's true - Ad Hominem fallacy - Attacking the character - Straw man fallacy - Arguing something related to the topic, but avoids topic - Non-sequitur fallacy - Conclusion does not follow premise - Appeals to authority fallacy - A famous person endorses the claim - Appeals to pity fallacy - Persuade others by provoking pity - Appeals to ignorance fallacy - No evidence proving my claim wrong - Hasty generalization fallacy - A rush conclusion - Slippery slope fallacy - A fallacy that predicts extreme outcomes - Faulty causality fallacy - First event called the second event Weak analogy fallacy - Two things that are compared that are not alike creates weak analogy Cause-effect - Provide reasons that produced a result Narration - Telling a story from one viewpoint Compare-contrast - How 2 things are similar or different Definition-Description - What a concept, event, person is like Parts of a work cited page - All sources listed with them cited How to cite websites - Author last, first name, Website Title Publisher Date of Publication Counterclaim - An opposing claim Concession - Acknowledgement of a limitation in your own argument Rebuttal - Offering contrasting perspective on an argument Refutation - A rejection of a counterclaim Qualification - To avoid absolute language or generalizations Absolute language - Claims - Statements of what the author believes Evidence - Factual information that helps the reader reach a conclusion Line of reasoning - Arrangements of claim and evidence that leads to a conclusion Thesis - Writers viewpoint Thesis Statement - A statement that states the main idea of a paper Commentary - Part of a paragraph that connects evidence to claim Topic sentences - Sentence that presents the main focus of a paragraph Introductions - Sets tone of essay/ Previews how the essay will develop Conclusions - Synthesize main points of line of reasoning