Untitled Flashcards Set

Chapter 8

1. What year did Indian and Chinese writing begin to classify plants?

Indian: 1600 BCE

Chines: 480BCE

2. Who is the father of Botany? How many plants did he list?

Theophrastus

500 plants

3. What was the first list of taxonomy of plants? How long was it the standard of taxonomy?

Materia Medica

1500 years 

4. What was the old way of taxonomy? 

Writing a paragraph in latin of the properties of the plant 

5. What role did Linnaeus contribute in botany?

Came up with classification system (taxonomic system)

6. What is a binomial? What are the three names it is composed of?

Scientific name plants

• Pisum

• Sativum

• The author of the binomial

7. Describe the importance of keeping past seeds.

Comparing the ones we have today and we can study the sequence of genetics

8. What is modern taxonomy based on?

Morphological, physiological and molecular evidence

9. List the class hierarchy.

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species

10. What is a taxon?

Any taxonomic rank

11. What is the issue of classifying plants morphologically?

Convergent evolution 

12. Define Clade.

Branch of a cladogram which includes a common ancestor and all descendants

13. What percentage of plants are in tropical rainforests? 

70%

14. How is agriculture inhibiting the future of agriculture?

Lack of diversity/genetic base lowering

Chapter 22

1. Describe the different features of algae. 

• Aquatic, non-vascular, photosynthetic 

• Ranges from unicellular to 60 meter long giant kelp

2. What is the basic body structure of algae?

Thallus: basic photosynthetic structure

3. Is algae considered prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

Both

4. What do all algae have? Why is it significant?

• Chlorophyll a

• E- gets excited and is released and begins the light dependent reactions

5. What pigments green algae and euglenoids have? What are the similarities?

• Chl a & b and carotenoids

• They both contain chlorophyll a & b an carotenoids as their primary photosynthetic pigment 

6. What other accessory pigments are there?

Chl C

7. What color is cyanobacteria?

Blue-green

8. Explain the function of cyanobacteria.

Some is able to fix N from the air/Important in nitrogen cycle

9. Is it prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

Prokaryotic

10. Is dinoflagellates multi or unicellular?

Dinoflagellates

11. What composes the dinoflagellates? How do they function?

Hard cellulose plates and 2 flagella: spin through the water

12. Are dinoflagellates autotrophs, mixotrophs, or heterotrophs

All of the above

13. What do dinoflagellates contain?

Animal toxins

14. What portion of the dinoflagellates is photosynthetic?

Cellulosis 

15. What forms the cell wall of diatoms?

Ornamented silica 

16. What produces diatomaceous earth?

Aggregations 

17. What functions do diatoms have?

• Pool filter

• Natural pesticide

18. Describe the structure of diatoms.

Glass like structure

19. What structure do Euglenoids have?

• 1-2 flagella: for locomotion

• Protein -containing flexible covering 

• NO CELL WALL

20. Are Euglenoids autotrophic, heterotrophic, or mixotrophic?

Mixotrophs

21.  How do euglenoids sense light?

With eye spot, senses absence of light

22. What environment do green algae reside in?

Freshwater and marine

23.  Is green algae unicellular or multicellular?

Both

24. Describe 2 characteristics of green algae.

Colonial and filamentous

25. What common trait does green algae have with land plants?

Same photosynthetic pigments 

26. Label

 Chlorella 

27.  Is it unicellular or multicellular?

Unicellular

28. What is the main environment of red algae?

Marine

29. What does red algae contain? How are they commercially used?

Agars and carrageenan: used as food thickeners and syrup

30. Describe what is in the wall structure of red algae.

Rigid aggregations of calcium in walls

31. What is the main environment of brown algae?

Mostly marine

32. List an example of brown algae.

Kelp “trees” of coastal marine

33. How does brown algae float?

A portion holds ar as it floats closer to the surface

34. Why have a variety of photosynthetic pigments evolved in marine algae, but not in land plants? 

There is a different spectrum of light in water which is why there is more variety the deeper algae is under water that needs to absorb different color of light

35. Why is health omega-3 obtained via fish instead of algae directly?

Fish concentrates the oil

36. What is the potential advantage of algae as biofuel?

• Full of lipids and oils that can produce diesel 

• Grows very quickly

• Higher concentration of energy

37. Which algae is toxic?

Cyanobacteria

38. What toxin accumulates in shellfish?

Dinoflagellates

39. What does pfiesteria(dinoflagellate) do?

Secretes toxin to kill then feed off fish and can lead to dermatitis in humans

40. List characteristics of invasive species?

• Compete for resources

• Reproduces quickly

• Do not have natural predators

Chapter 23

1. What is the economic use of fungi?

• Yeasts

• Food

• Crop diseases

• Human maladies

• Fermentation

2. What is the ecological use of fungi?

• Interaction with other 

• Decomposition 

• Succession 

• Supports life on earth

3. What are the animal-like characteristics of fungi?

• Heterotrophic

• Storage of carbohydrate often glycogen

4. What are the plant-like characteristics of plants?

Cell walls generally contain chitin fibrils

5. What domain are fungi in?

Eukaryote

6. Are fungi single cells or filaments?

Both

7. What is another name for filaments?

Hyphae

8. What is a group of hyphae called?

Mycelium

9. Is hyphae septate or nonseptate?

Both

10.  What is the difference between nonseptate hyphae and septate hyphae?

Septate has cell walls separating the nuclei while nonseptate is considered as one cell

11. How do fungi reproduce?

Both asexually and sexually with spores

12. Define plasmogamy.

Fusion of cytoplasm 

13. Define Karyogamy.

Fusion of two haploid nuclei

14. What occurs when karyogamy does not occur immediately after plasmogamy?

Leads to dikaryon: two genetically different nuclei/cell

15. Where does spore production occur during asexual reproduction?

Within sporangium ro as as condia w/o enclosure

16. What are chytridiomycota?

Typically parasites of plants, animals, and other fungi

17. How is it affecting amphibian life?

Resulting in the world-wide decline of amphibians via dermal cells reducing respiration

18. How was the zygomycota named after?

For its thick-walled spore-containing zygosporangia

19. Are zygomycota nonsepatate or sepatate?

Mainly nonseptate

20. Name an example of zygomycota?

Rhizopus stolonifer (bread mold)

21. Identify

Microsporangium on dung

22. What is an ascomycota?

Sack-fungi

23. What makes up ascocarp?

Separate dikaryon

24. Describe the cycle for 8 ascospores/asci to form. List examples.

Karyogamy, meiosis, then mitosis 

• Years

• Female infectious yeast

• Athletes foot fungi

25.  What fungi grows in Nebraska?

Urbani fresh white truffles

26. What is included in ascomycota?

Imperfect fungi

27. What is unknown of the ascomycota?

No known sexual stages

28. List the antibiotic of ascomycota?

penicillium/penicillin

29. What can aspergillus cause? 

Aspergillosis, lung infection cystic fibrosis or asthma patients more susceptible 

30. What does geomyces destructans cause?

Causes white nose syndrome in insect-eating bats: 90% mortality in two species

31. What are basidomycotas?

Spores produced on basidium: tiny pegs or clubs, ‘club fungi’

32. What makes a sporulating body (basidiocarp)?

Dikaryon, septate hyphae

33. What produces basidiospores?

Karyogamy and meiosis occur in the basidium producing basidiospores

34. What are the common four forms?

• Mushrooms

• Puffballs

• Rusts

• Smuts 

35. Describe the difference between parasitic and mutualistic symbiont.

Parasitic harms host mutualistic benefits host

36. What is saprobe?

Nutrients from non-living organic material (decomposition)

37.  What is mycorrhizae?

Symbiotic association between plant roots and fungi

38. What are the mutualistic benefits?

Nutrients and carbohydrates to fungi

39. What is ectomycorrhizae?

Mostly basidiomycetes, forma  mantle around the root

40. What is endomycorrhizae?

Hyphae penetrate plant cell walls

41. What is the function of lichens?

Symbiosis of fungi and green algae and/or cyanobacteria

42. What is the mutualism between lichens and fungi?

Fungi is the photosynthetic partner and algae can live in trees and rocks (different environments)

43. What conditions can lichens tolerate?

Extreme environments

44. Know Lichen structure.

45.  Explain the late blight of potato.

When Ireland  had a famine due to low stocks of potatoes, so many of the people had to immigrate to the United States.

46. Describe rusts.

• Most require alternate hosts

• Common on cereal grains

47. What is the function of cedar-apple rust?

• Allows rust fungi to overinter. In apple fungi in leaves and fruit

• Allows for sexual recombination (apple)

48. How does Dutch Elm disease spread disease quickly?

• The roots underground are connected

• Blocks xylem(no way for water and nutrients to be transported)

49. What approaches can be used to control fungal diseases without the widespread use of fungicides?

Diversity of plants and food sources