Limno Midterm

1.     Limnology - Interactions between aquatic organisms and their lotic and lentic environment

2.     -Lotic system - High velocity, unidirectional water movement

3.     -Lentic System - Low velocity circulation

4.     -% of water tied up in oceans – 97%

5.     -Precipitation – Pg/ tiny condensation particles grow too large

6.     -Vadose Zone - variably saturated zone between ground surface and ground water

7.     -Discharge – Q/volumetric flow rate of water that is transported/streamflow

8.     -Groundwater – S/water that exists in saturated zone beneath land surface

9.     -Evapotranspiration – Et/evaporation into the atmosphere from the soil surface, evaporation from the capillary fringe of the groundwater table, and evaporation from water bodies on land

10.  -Infiltration - Precipitation or water soaks into subsurface soils and moves into rocks through cracks and pore spaces

11.  -Depression storage – Sd/low points in undulation terrain that store precipitation that would otherwise become runoff

12.  -Interception storage – Si/storage of water above the surface, mostly in vegetation

13.  -Highest % of Liquid Inland Water - Groundwater

14.  -Watershed - land area that drains rain to some arbitrarily specific point

-        Ephemeral Stream - typically dry most of the year

15.  -Intermittent Stream - typically flows most of the year

16.  -Perennial Stream - typically flows all year long

17.  -Major Rivers on earth - Amazon, Parana, Nile, River Congo/Zaire, Mississippi, Yenisei, Ob, Lena, Antze, Yur

18.  -Count of lakes – Glacial (4 million), Fluvial (0.5 million), Tectonic (0.25 million), Coastal (40,000), Volcanic (1,000), Solution (<1,000)

-        Glacial Lake example – Great Lakes

19.  -Subtypes of glacial lakes - Kettle, Proglacial, Scour

20.  -Fluvial Lakes example – Oxbow, Chicot Lake

21.  -Tectonic Lakes example – Lake Okeechobee

22.  -Subtypes of tectonic lakes – Uplift, Graben/Rift, Earthquake

23.  -Coastal Lakes example – Lake Pontchartrain

24.  -Volcanic Lakes example – Crater Lake

25.  -Solution Lakes example – Bottomless lakes in NM

26.  -Retention time – How long water stays in the lake on average

27.  -Shoreline development – Shape of a lake relative to that of a circle of the same area

28.  -Morphoedaphic Index – A variable developed as a measure of the potential fishery yield from a lake

29.  -Nitrogen fixation – Nitrogen entering the lake from the atmosphere by diffusion

30.  -Denitrification – Multistage reduction of oxygenated forms of nitrogen, eventually leads to nitrogen returning to the atmosphere

31.  -Cause of efflux loads of phosphorous – Algal blooms

32.  -Most common limiting nutrient in freshwater systems - Phosphorus

33.  Concepts:

34.  -Conceptual model of ecosystem – Draw it

35.  -Recharge or age of water (see graph in hydrologic cycle pp)

36.  -Hydrologic Cycle – Evapotranspiration -> Precipitation -> interception storage -> depression storage -> infiltration -> groundwater storage -> vadose zone -> discharge

37.  -Horton Stream Order – 1^st = headwaters and unbranched tributaries, 2^nd = lies below confluence of two or more 1st order streams, 3^rd lies below confluence of two or more 2^nd order streams, etc.

38.  -Fluvial Geomorphology – Erosion -> Sediment transport -> Deposition

39.  -River Classifications – Straight, Meandering, Braided, Anatomosing

40.   -Major rivers in Arkansas and their tributaries. - White river - Black, buffalo, kings, crooked creek, little red | Arkansas River - Piney creek, mulberry, illinois bayou, cadron creek, petit jean, fourche la fave | Ouachita - Little missouri, caddo, saline | Red | St. Francis

41.  -Seasonal Variation in plankton – Dormant -> Bloom -> Stratification -> Decline

42.  -Migration of plankton – Diel Vertical migration in response to light

43.  -Phosphorous in organisms – Component of nucleotides (Serves of energy storage within cells, linked forms DNA and RNA), found in bones, found in phospholipid bilayer,

44.  -Natural vs anthropogenic loading of Phosphorous – Natural is from rocks, anthropogenic is from agricultural runoff

-        Major Macronutrients Common in the Atmosphere – Nitrogen, Oxygen, Argon, Carbon Dioxide

45.  -Importance of Nitrogen - requisite for amino acids and nucleic acids,
thus essential for metabolic pathways

-        Anthropogenic Effects on Nitrogen Cycle – Atmospheric deposition of N (Acid rain precursor) or agricultural/urban/sewage treatment runoff

-Zones of lentic habitat – Temperature zones = Epilimnion, metalimnion, hypolimnion (Easy Money Hecke) | Light zones = Photic or euphotic, Aphotic or profundal