Untitled Flashcards Set

citation form

when a word is pronounced carefully as a single item

example of citation form

"him" as /hɪm/

connected speech

when you join two or more words together in the creation of an utterance

example of connected speech

"I caught him" as /aɪkatəm/

coarticulation

the overlapping of the articulators during speech production in order to maintain rapidity of connected speech

example of coarticulation

the /s/ in "soon" is rounded due to the anticipation of /u/

progressive assimilation

occurs when a phoneme's identity changes as the result of a phoneme preceding it; also referred to as left-to-right or perseverative assimilation

example of progressive assimilation

/dɑgz/ instead of /dɑgs/

regressive assimilation

the identity of a phoneme is modified due to a phoneme following it; also referred to as right-to-left or anticipatory assimilation

example of regressive assimilation

"was she" would be /wʌʒʃi/ instead of /wʌzʃi/

elision

the omission of a sound or syllable when speaking

example of elision

"exactly" might be spoken as /əgzæklɪ/

What is epenthesis?

Additional phonemes added to word production.

What is prothesis in terms of epenthesis?

Epenthesis that can occur in the beginning syllable.

What is paragoge in terms of epenthesis?

Epenthesis that can occur at the end of a word.

What is metathesis?

The switching of sounds in a word, typically consonants, which can result from a dialect or a speech disorder.

Can you provide an example of metathesis?

spaghetti becoming pasghetti.

Vowel Reduction

The process in which vowels are converted into similar vowel sounds with less emphasis. (The vowel is touched on briefly without close attention to the exact phoneme pronounced.)

What are the suprasegmental aspects of speech?

Characteristics that sentence structure and speech natural rhythm.

Intonation

Modification of a voice pitch (statement of fact, question, exclamation)

How does intonation cue the listener?

It cues the listener to whether a question is being asked or a statement is being made.

Rising intonational phrase

Increase in pitch; typical of questions and incomplete thoughts

Rising intonational phrase example?

Will she be there tomorrow?

Falling intonational phrase

Lower in pitch; typical of the finality of an utterance

Falling intonational phrase example?

My favorite color is yellow.

Tempo

Used to describe the duration of connected speech; considered a suprasegmental feature of speech

What does tempo refer to in speech?

The duration and timing of individual phonemes and pauses in a sentence

Sentence Stress

Distinguishes the type of information being presented by a speaker (given or new information); indicated by and apostrophe to the left of the word

Sentence Stress part 2

Stressor placed on a word in a sentence; typically the last word of a phrase

How does sentence stress vary?

It may be different depending on the speaker. Content words tend to receive sentence stress.

Sentence Stress: Content Words

Words that contain important information in a phrase/sentence and tend to receive sentence stress; generally nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs

Content Word example?

'Donna drove to school

Sentence Stress: Function Words

Words that contain less importance in a sentence and tend not to receive stress; generally pronouns, articles, prepositions, and conjunctions

Which words typically do not receive stress in a sentence?

Function words like pronouns.

Sentence Stress: Contrastive

Use of sentence stress to indicate a speaker's particular intent

Contrastive sentence stress example?

Leigh purchased a new car

Intent: Kennedi didn't buy the car

Juncture

Used to indicate the way syllables and words are linked together in connected speech

Open (internal) Juncture

Pause between phonemes to help identify syllable boundaries

Open (internal) Juncture example?

night rate

Closed (internal) Juncture

No pause between syllables; no special symbols needed

Closed (internal) juncture example?

nitrate

External Juncture

A pause that connects two intonational phrases