Materialism: Only physical matter exists.
Dualism: Both material (body) and immaterial (mind) substances exist.
Phrase: "Cogito, ergo sum" (I think, therefore I am) emphasizes self-awareness.
Actions of doubting and understanding affirm his existence as a conscious being.
Demonstrates that physical properties change while our understanding remains, establishing the mind comprehends better than the body.
Ryle argues that mind is not separate from the body, challenging dualism.
Claims a logical inference about separable identity leads to dualism.
Advocates for a more integrated approach emphasizing unity over separation.
Discusses consciousness; states it cannot be fully understood even with physical basis.
Design argument asserts complexity in nature implies an intelligent designer (God).
Moral growth, free will, and appreciation of good.
Can lead to moral choices and personal growth.
Belief in God as a rational bet; belief leads to eternal happiness; minimal loss if not true.
Critiques it for being overly simplistic and self-interested.
Genuine faith must be behind belief rather than just calculated outcomes.
Argues faith lacks the justificatory power that reason provides.
Non-belief due to God's inaccessibility causes challenges in faith.
Critiques the analogy of human-made items and the universe.
Presence of evil challenges belief in a fully benevolent deity.
Deep emotional and spiritual yearnings applied to the problem of evil.
Questions how an all-good God permits eternal suffering.
God's nature exemplifies true forgiveness.
Claims divine existence does not define moral actions.
Moral rightness exists prior to divine commands.
Argument: Everything has a cause; first cause is God.
Objection: Why doesn't the first cause need a cause?
Argument: God as greatest conceivable being must exist.
Objection: Existence isn't a predicate.
Argument: Complexity suggests a designer.
Objection: Natural processes can explain complexity.
Questions an all-good God can allow evil.
Free will allows moral choices, justifying the presence of evil.
Machines can think if they appear to behave like humans.
True understanding requires more than mere behavior mimicry.