AP Psychology: 7.04 Theories of Personality
Psychoanalytic: importance of unconscious processes and childhood experiences
Humanistic: importance of self and fulfillment of potential
Social cognitive: importance of beliefs about self
Trait: description and measurement of personality differences
Personality
Personality: An individual’s unique and relatively consistent patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving
Personality Theory: Attempt to describe and explain how people are similar, how they are different, and why every individual is unique
The Neo-Freudians
Alfred Adler (1870-1937)
Proposed the idea of the inferiority complex.
Compensate by trying to improve themselves and their talents and abilities.
Superiority complex
Carl Jung (1875-1961)
Personal and Collective Unconscious
Personal – experience unique to you
Collective – shares human experience and archetypes (innocent child, wise grandfather)
Karen Horney (1885-1952)
Childhood anxiety, caused by the dependent child’s sense of helplessness, triggers our desire for love and security. If you do not receive you develop basic hostility towards parents and basic anxiety.
moving toward people
moving against people
moving away from people
Most normal people use any of these modes of relating to people but neurotics are compelled to rigidly rely on only one. These people are unhappy and desperately seek out relationships in order to feel good about themselves.
The Humanistic Perspective
Carl Rogers (1902- 1987)
Self Concept – cornerstone of a persons personality.
-Set of perceptions you have about yourself.
People are driven to self actualize.
Parents should help students self actualize by providing a growth-promoting climate that contained:
Genuineness: being open with their own feelings, dropping their facades, and being transparent and self-disclosing.
Acceptance: also called unconditional positive regard, this is an attitude of grace, that values us even knowing our failings.
Empathy: sharing and mirroring our feelings and reflecting our meanings
Abraham Maslow and the Healthy Perspective
Humans have a natural drive to find self fulfillment and realize their potential.
Self-actualizing personalities: Healthy individuals who have met their basic needs and are free to be creative and fulfill their potentials.
Self-transcendence personalities: Healthy individuals who have met their basic needs and are free to seek meaning, purpose, and communion beyond the self.
Trait Perspective
Gordan Allport (1897- 1967)
-Interviews Freud at the age of 22
-Traits: characteristic patterns of behavior of a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports
Social-Cognitive Perspective
Julian Rotter
External locus of control: the perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate.
Internal locus of control: the perception that you control your own fate.
“Internals” achieve more in school and work, act more independently, enjoy better health, cope with various stressors (marital problems) and feel less depressed than do “externals”
Albert Bandura (1925)
Self Efficacy – the feelings of self confidence or self
doubt that people bring to a specific situation.
Varies from situation to situation.
Reciprocal Determinism: the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment.
We choose to place ourselves in certain environments, and these environments then influence our behavior and the way we think.
However, the way we think - our attributions, goals, values, and perceptions - may guide which environments we choose to be in as well as the behavior we exhibit.
Our behavior, in turn, may change the environment as well as the way we think.
AP Psychology: 7.04 Theories of Personality
Psychoanalytic: importance of unconscious processes and childhood experiences
Humanistic: importance of self and fulfillment of potential
Social cognitive: importance of beliefs about self
Trait: description and measurement of personality differences
Personality
Personality: An individual’s unique and relatively consistent patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving
Personality Theory: Attempt to describe and explain how people are similar, how they are different, and why every individual is unique
The Neo-Freudians
Alfred Adler (1870-1937)
Proposed the idea of the inferiority complex.
Compensate by trying to improve themselves and their talents and abilities.
Superiority complex
Carl Jung (1875-1961)
Personal and Collective Unconscious
Personal – experience unique to you
Collective – shares human experience and archetypes (innocent child, wise grandfather)
Karen Horney (1885-1952)
Childhood anxiety, caused by the dependent child’s sense of helplessness, triggers our desire for love and security. If you do not receive you develop basic hostility towards parents and basic anxiety.
moving toward people
moving against people
moving away from people
Most normal people use any of these modes of relating to people but neurotics are compelled to rigidly rely on only one. These people are unhappy and desperately seek out relationships in order to feel good about themselves.
The Humanistic Perspective
Carl Rogers (1902- 1987)
Self Concept – cornerstone of a persons personality.
-Set of perceptions you have about yourself.
People are driven to self actualize.
Parents should help students self actualize by providing a growth-promoting climate that contained:
Genuineness: being open with their own feelings, dropping their facades, and being transparent and self-disclosing.
Acceptance: also called unconditional positive regard, this is an attitude of grace, that values us even knowing our failings.
Empathy: sharing and mirroring our feelings and reflecting our meanings
Abraham Maslow and the Healthy Perspective
Humans have a natural drive to find self fulfillment and realize their potential.
Self-actualizing personalities: Healthy individuals who have met their basic needs and are free to be creative and fulfill their potentials.
Self-transcendence personalities: Healthy individuals who have met their basic needs and are free to seek meaning, purpose, and communion beyond the self.
Trait Perspective
Gordan Allport (1897- 1967)
-Interviews Freud at the age of 22
-Traits: characteristic patterns of behavior of a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports
Social-Cognitive Perspective
Julian Rotter
External locus of control: the perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate.
Internal locus of control: the perception that you control your own fate.
“Internals” achieve more in school and work, act more independently, enjoy better health, cope with various stressors (marital problems) and feel less depressed than do “externals”
Albert Bandura (1925)
Self Efficacy – the feelings of self confidence or self
doubt that people bring to a specific situation.
Varies from situation to situation.
Reciprocal Determinism: the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment.
We choose to place ourselves in certain environments, and these environments then influence our behavior and the way we think.
However, the way we think - our attributions, goals, values, and perceptions - may guide which environments we choose to be in as well as the behavior we exhibit.
Our behavior, in turn, may change the environment as well as the way we think.
