Chapter 2: The Chemistry of Life  

. The constituent constituents of an atom are protons, neutrons, and electrons.

. In addition to the neutrons in its nucleus, a carbon atom has 6 protons and 6 electrons. Due to an equal distribution of protons and electrons, it is an atom like all others and has no charge.

. The smallest unit of matter is the atom.

. An atom's nucleus, which houses its protons and neutrons, is its core.

. An electron is a particle that has a negative charge and is found in the region around the nucleus.

. A pure material called an element contains only one kind of atom.

. An isotope is one of numerous variations of a single element, each of which has a unique ratio of neutrons to protons.

. An element's isotopes all contain the same number of protons.

. Compounds are substances created through the chemical fusion of two or more elements in predetermined ratios.

. One or more electrons are transported from one atom to another to create an ionic bond, which is a type of chemical connection.

. A sort of bond between atoms known as a covalent bond involves sharing electrons.

. The smallest unit of most compounds, the molecule, has all the characteristics of the compound.

. Ionic and covalent bonds are the two basic types of chemical bonds.

. In cohesion, molecules of the same substance are drawn to one another.

. The force of attraction between various types of molecules is known as adhesion.

. A solution is a kind of mixture in which each ingredient is equally distributed.

. A mixture of water and non-dissolved substance is called a suspension.

. A substance known as an acid releases hydrogen ions (H+) into a solution when it has a pH lower than 7.

. A base is a substance that causes solutions to contain hydroxide ions (OH-); these solutions must have a pH of at least 7.

. A buffer is a substance that prevents abrupt, drastic pH fluctuations.

. Water may create hydrogen bonds because it is polar. Water has unique features due to these connections, such as cohesion, adhesion, and a high heat capacity.

. Water may dissolve ionic compounds and other polar molecules because it is polar.

. In maintaining homeostasis in living things, buffers are crucial.

. A type of nutrition known as a carbohydrate is a complex consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. It serves as the body's primary source of energy.

. The macromolecule lipid, which comprises fats, oils, and waxes, is mostly composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms.

. For living things, carbohydrates give both energy and structural support.

. Lipids are components of membranes and waterproof coatings and are utilized to store energy.

. A macromolecule called nucleic acid contains the elements hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus.

. The body needs protein, a macromolecule made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, for both growth and repair.

. An amino acid is a substance that has a carboxyl group on one end and an amino group on the other.

. Certain proteins regulate the functioning of cells and the speed of reactions. Others contribute to the structure of cells, while still others transport materials into or out of cells or aid in the prevention of disease.

. Some bonds are destroyed and new ones are created during chemical processes.

. Chemical reaction is the process by which one set of chemicals is changed or transformed into another set of chemicals.

. The energy required to initiate a reaction is known as activation energy.

. Chemical processes that produce energy frequently occur on their own. Without an energy supply, chemical reactions that require energy cannot occur.

. A catalyst is something that quickens a chemical reaction.

. A protein catalyst known as an enzyme quickens some biological reactions.

. Cellular chemical processes are accelerated by enzymes. The functioning of enzymes can be impacted by temperature, pH, and other chemicals.