Forage Conservation Notes

Forage Conservation Notes

Hay

• Definition: A mix of tall grasses and legumes cut and dried under the sun.

Hay Production

• Stages involved in hay production:
  • Cutting: Grass or cereals are cut at full maturity.
  • Drying: After cutting, the grass dries to reduce moisture content.
  • Curing: Critical for removing excess moisture before baling.
  • Raking: Grass is arranged into narrow rows called "windrows."
  • Processing: Including baling and ensuring hay quality.
  • Storage: Proper storage is essential to protect from moisture and preserve quality.

Cutting

• Grass should be cut when it reaches peak nutritional value for optimal hay quality.

Drying Process

• Grass must dry adequately to prevent spoilage; this step is key in humid environments.

Raking

• Windrows: Grass is raked into organized rows to aid in drying and collecting.

Baling

• Modern techniques use machinery to pack dried grass into bales for easier handling and storage.

Storage

• Dried hay must be stored in dry, cool conditions away from humidity to prevent spoilage.

Optimal Making Period

• In Mediterranean regions, haymaking generally occurs in spring or early summer during peak grass growth.

Challenges in Hay Production

• Humid Environments: High moisture makes drying difficult.
• Arid Regions: Controlled irrigation may be needed to grow grass before haymaking.

Hay Preservatives

• Purpose: Chemical compounds (acids, bacterial inoculants) allow baling at higher moisture levels (18-25%).

Historical Context

• Early Beginnings: Haymaking techniques have evolved alongside agriculture for thousands of years.
• Technological Advancements: Improved machinery has made hay production more efficient over time.
• Traditional Practices: Previously, hay was gathered manually, heavily relying on weather factors.

Silage

• Definition: Silage is fermented feed made from chopped forage stored in airtight conditions.
• Process: Forage is compacted in silos or pits, sealed to exclude oxygen, promoting anaerobic fermentation.

Silage Quality

• Factors impacting quality: Depends on the compaction process and rapid sealing of the silo to limit oxygen exposure.
• Types of Silage: Includes maize, maize cob mix, alfalfa, and various forage crops, catering to livestock needs.

Haylage

• Definition: Partially dried hay stored in airtight conditions to undergo fermentation.
• Storage Method: Wrapped in plastic to keep moisture content high for preservation.

Fermentation Process for Haylage and Silage

1. Aerobic Phase (pH 6.0): Initial phase, oxygen is consumed.
2. Anaerobic Phase: Important for lactic fermentation and occurs after oxygen consumption.
3. Stable Phase: Biological activity is minimized; silage transforms into a stable product.
4. Aerobic Deterioration Phase: This occurs during feedout when air enters the silo, which can spoil silage.