3.1

Key Terms

• FDR & 'postponement' of postwar issues: Delaying discussion of difficult postwar issues.

• End of the grand alliance: The alliance between the US, UK, and USSR dissolved after WWII due to conflicting ideologies and interests.

• Division of Europe: Europe was divided into Western and Eastern blocs, with the Iron Curtain separating them.

• US vision of the postwar world: Focused on open markets, democracy, and containing communism.

• USSR vision of the postwar world: Focused on creating a buffer zone in Eastern Europe with communist states.

• George F. Kennan & containment: Kennan advocated for containing Soviet expansionism.

• The Long Telegram & Mr. X Article: Kennan's articulation of the containment policy.

• Truman Doctrine: Provided aid to countries resisting communism (400 million to Greece and Turkey).

• Marshall Plan: US aid to rebuild Europe (over 13 billion) to prevent the spread of communism.

• NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization, a military alliance against Soviet aggression.

• Berlin Blockade & Airlift: USSR blockaded West Berlin; US and allies responded with an airlift to supply the city.

• NSC-68: National Security Council report advocating for a large-scale military buildup to counter Soviet threats.

• Korean War: Conflict between North and South Korea, with US intervening to contain communism.

• Specter of Communism: Fear of communist subversion within the US.

• Alger Hiss & W. Chambers: Hiss, a State Department official, was accused of being a Soviet spy.

• Julius & Ethel Rosenberg: American citizens executed for espionage.

• Sen. Joseph R. McCarthy: Led anti-communist campaigns, often based on flimsy evidence.

• Truman & 'Loyalty': Truman's loyalty program aimed to remove suspected communists from government jobs.

• Eisenhower & 'Loyalty': Continued and expanded Truman's loyalty program.

• Eisenhower’s New Look: Military strategy focusing on nuclear weapons and air power.

• Massive Retaliation: Threat of a large-scale nuclear attack in response to Soviet aggression.

• Liberation (CIA): Covert operations to overthrow or destabilize communist governments.

• Interventions in: Latin America & Middle East: Examples include Guatemala (1954) and Iran (1953).

• Culture of the 1950s: Characterized by conformity, consumerism, and fear of communism.

• Culture of the 1960s: Marked by social and political upheaval, civil rights movement, and anti-war protests.

• Culture of the 1970s: Period of economic stagnation, social change, and disillusionment.

• JFK & Flexible Response: Military strategy allowing for a range of responses, not just nuclear.

• Bay of Pigs: Failed CIA-backed invasion of Cuba.

• Cuban Missile Crisis: US and USSR confrontation over Soviet missiles in Cuba.

• LBJ & Flexible Response: Continued JFK's strategy.

• LBJ & the Great Society: Domestic programs to combat poverty and racial injustice.

• LBJ & the War on Poverty: Part of the Great Society, aimed at reducing poverty.

• Nixon & Detente: Easing of tensions with the Soviet Union (later lecture).