Overview of Tourism and Hospitality - Vocabulary Flashcards
Overview of Tourism and Hospitality
Tourism (UNWTO): Activities of people traveling/staying outside their usual environment for ≤1 year for leisure, business, or other purposes—not related to employment in the visited place.
Hospitality: From Latin hospitare (to receive as a guest). Refers to providing food, lodging, and warm service to travelers. Symbol: Pineapple (warmth and friendship).
Travel: Regular movement of people for various reasons (e.g., work, school, migration, tourism).
Leisure: Free/discretionary time after work/school; used for enjoyment (entertainment, festivals, travel, etc.).
Recreation: Leisure-time activities for relaxation and personal well-being (e.g., reading, watching TV, sports, cinema, tourism).
Key Concepts in Tourism & Hospitality
Forms of Tourism (types of travel and destinations):
Domestic: Travel by residents within their own country.
Inbound: Non-residents visiting the country.
-Outbound: Residents traveling to other countries.Combinations: Internal = Domestic + Inbound; National = Domestic + Outbound; International = Inbound + Outbound.
Main Motivations for Travel:
1) Leisure – Relaxation, shopping, culture, festivals, health, sports.
2) Business (MICE) – Meetings, Incentives, Conventions, Exhibitions.
3) Bleisure – Mix of business + leisure activities in one trip.Visitor vs. Traveler (descriptions):
Visitor: Traveler who stays <1 year, not working in that place; can be a tourist (overnight) or excursionist (day trip).
Traveler: General term for anyone moving between locations for any reason or duration.
Elements of Travel: Distance, Length of stay, Residence of traveler, Purpose of travel.
Industry Characteristics:
1) Consumer must go to product
2) Products are intangible and not depleted
3) Labor-intensive (people-based)
4) People-oriented
5) Multidimensional
6) Seasonal
7) Dynamic (changing with tech and trends)
Importance and Impact of the Tourism Industry
Benefits include: Economic growth, employment generation, cultural promotion, social progress, education support, development spread, environmental and cultural preservation, building international relationships, urban planning, world peace, foreign exchange earnings.
Tourism as an economic driver across different country development levels; supports SMEs; visitor spending flows to local, regional, and national economies.
Tourism Forecasts and Philippine Statistics
UNWTO Forecast to 2030:
International tourist arrivals: N_{arr} \approx 1.8 \\times 10^9
\% of arrivals in emerging destinations: \%\_{emerging} = 58\%
Asia-Pacific region: Highest growth in arrivals.
Philippine Tourism Statistics (selected highlights):
GDP Contribution (2017): ext{₱}1.38 \\text{trillion} = 1.38 \\times 10^{12} \text{PHP}; forecast to reach ext{₱}2.5 \\times 10^{12} by 2028.
Jobs forecast by 2028: 3.2 \\times 10^{6}.
Rankings (relative to tourism indicators):
6th: Domestic travel spending (USD 26.2B)
7th: Fastest GDP contribution growth
15th: Annual growth rate
21st: Visitor exports (USD 7.5B)
DOT (2017): Domestic arrivals 96.7M; international arrivals 6.62M.
Interdisciplinary nature: Liberal Arts (History, Sociology, Economics, Arts); Business (Finance, Management, Law, Marketing); CSR: Triple Bottom Line – Profit, People, Planet; 21st Century Skills – Critical thinking, Creativity, Communication, Collaboration, Tech & Media literacy.
Ethics, Professional Standards, and Responsible Tourism
Ethics in Tourism (UNWTO Global Code of Ethics): 10 Articles include mutual understanding, fulfillment, sustainability, cultural preservation, benefits to host communities, stakeholder obligations, right to tourism, liberty of movement, workers’ rights, implementation.
Responsible Tourist Tips (UNWTO Manifesto): Open mind to cultures, respect diversity/environment, preserve heritage, follow local customs and laws, learn about destination in advance.
Consumer Behavior in Tourism (Plog’s Model):
Allocentric: Adventurous, outgoing, prefers new destinations
Psychocentric: Non-adventurous, prefers familiar places
Midcentric: In-between
Factors Affecting Tourist Behavior: Geography, social background, origin, destination features, education, history & development of travel and tourism.
History and Evolution of Travel and Tourism
Early beginnings: Travel originated for hunting, shelter, and survival; motives included trade, exploration, conquest, religious pilgrimage, and war.
Key ancient/early milestones:
Sumerians (c. 3000 BC): Wheel invention; writing (cuneiform) for long-distance trade.
Phoenicians: Money use and maritime trading empire; rest houses for travelers (Shulgi’s roads).
Hatshepsut: First female pharaoh traveling for peace/tourism.
Silk Road: Late 19th century term; caravan routes across Central & West Asia; connected East with the Mediterranean; goods traded included furs, ceramics, spices, metals, gems, dyes, textiles, etc. Caravanserai provided food & shelter.
Middle Ages: Christian pilgrimages; Greek language facilitated trade; widespread festivals and public entertainments.
Travel milestones (notable explorers and developments):
Passport concept attributed to King Henry V of England.
Notable travelers/writers (e.g., Ibn Battutah, Marco Polo) inspiring later explorers.
Explorers: Magellan, Elcano, da Gama, Vespucci; circumnavigation and global exchange.
Roman Empire: Road networks; pleasure travel to temples and festivals; fall reduced pleasure travel and trade.
Rise of mass tourism and modern leisure travel:
Seaside resorts: shift from inland spas to coastal resorts; medicinal sea bathing.
First notable spa: Spa (Belgium), 1326.
Grand Tour (1660–1820): Northern European noblemen visiting France, Italy, Spain with mentors.
Modernization of food service: Restaurants and cafés emerging (e.g., 1765 Boulanger in Paris).
Rail travel: 1804 steam locomotive; Thomas Cook (rail excursions, 1841); all-inclusive tours (1851).
Birth of the cruise industry: Early cruises and development of ocean liners; evolution of cruise ships with amenities.
Private vehicle use: Stagecoach as forerunner to cars; Autobahns in 1932; car travel growth.
Passports standardized; exhibitions and world fairs influenced travel (Great Exhibition 1851; Paris 1889; Chicago 1893).
Traveler’s cheques: Introduced to enable cash withdrawals abroad.
Hospitality and aviation milestones: Hilton (1943); jet air travel (1952–1958); Boeing/Airbus dominance; Boeing 747 (1966).
Low-Cost Carriers (LCCs): Started by Southwest; examples include Tiger Airways, Cebu Pacific, etc.
Schengen Agreement (1985): Border-free travel in Europe; uniform Schengen visa (90 days within 6 months).
Mobile payments: High prevalence of device-enabled travel payments; personalized experiences.
Origin and Development of Tourism in the Philippines
Pre-Colonial Era:
Indigenous trade/travel existed prior to foreign colonization; Negritos (~25,000 years ago); Indonesians (3,000 BC); Malays (200 BC).
Trade networks evidenced by artifacts from India, Taiwan, and Japan; South China Sea as main trade route for Vietnam, India, Malaysia.
Colonial Era (Spanish):
Ferdinand Magellan’s arrival marked a recognizable phase; Manila as commerce center in SE Asia.
1565–1815: Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade; ports closed to all except Mexico; Spanish exploitation of natural resources increased due to trade profits.
Tourism Act of 2009 (RA 9593):
Declares tourism as engine of investment, employment, growth, and national development.
Reorganization of the Department of Tourism (DOT) and attached agencies; creation of Tourism Development Fund; establishment of specialized tourism zones.
Attached Agencies of DOT:
TIEZA, TPB, DFPC, IA, PRA, NPDC, PCSSD, Nayong Pilipino Foundation, Inc.
Global initiatives and national milestones:
Manila Declaration on Tourism (1980) – tourism as driver of peace and socio-economic growth for developing countries.
Manila Declaration on Social Impact of Tourism (1997) – paved the way for the Global Code of Ethics for Tourism.
6th International UNWTO Conference on Tourism Statistics (2017) – Manila Call for Action on Measuring Sustainable Tourism.
National Tourism Development Plan (NTDP) 2016–2022:
Vision: Globally competitive, environmentally sustainable, socially responsible tourism promoting inclusive growth.
Product Portfolio (9 types): Nature-based, Cultural, Sun & Beach, Leisure & Entertainment, MICE, Health/Wellness/Retirement, Cruise & Nautical, Diving & Marine, Education.
Strategic directions: Intensify transport infra, travel facilitation incentives, attract investment, expand product development, marketing, HR capacity, quality standards, MSME support, gender empowerment, expand cultural offerings, preserve environment, climate adaptation, risk/crisis management.
International and National Tourism Organizations (highlights): UNWTO, ICAO, IATA, WTTC, World Bank, regional bodies like OECD, PATA, APEC. National organizations include DOT, TIEZA, TPB, IA, NPDC, DFPC, PRA, PCSSD, NPF, and others.
Roles of National Organizations in Tourism:
Planning, employment/training, coordination between public & private sectors, development of destinations, promotion, and regulation.
National Tourism Offices (NTOs):
Promote tourism and develop the tourist industry; examples include US Travel & Tourism Administration and Philippines DOT.
DOT and Attached Agencies (updates):
DOT: promotes tourism as a major socio-economic activity; ensures foreign exchange, employment, safety; headed by the Secretary of Tourism; 15 regional offices.
TIEZA: develops/manages Tourism Enterprise Zones (TEZs); revenue allocation: 50% to TIEZA, 40% to CHED (tourism education), 10% to NCCA (culture & arts).
TPB: domestic/international marketing; promote Philippines as a global destination; develop products; increase arrivals.
IA: restore/develop Intramuros; NPDC: national parks; NPF: promote attractions.
National Symbols and Culture:
Official National Symbols include: National Flag, National Anthem, National Language, National Flower, National Tree, National Bird, National Gem, National Sport/ Martial Art (Arnis), National Sign Language.
Traditional symbols include regional and cultural heritages; dress, cuisine, language, and festivals reflect Spanish, Chinese, American, and Islamic influences.
Philippine Regions, Geography, and Culture (selected highlights):
Region I (Ilocos Region): Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, La Union, Pangasinan; capital Laoag; diverse geography (mountains, coastlines); languages include Ilocano, Pangasinan; notable attractions include Cape Bojeador Lighthouse, Bantay Church, Vigan, etc.
Region II (Cagayan Valley) and other regions: Northeastern Luzon; provinces include Cagayan, Isabela, Nueva Vizcaya, Quirino; Ivatan in Batanes; notable sites include Callao Caves, Dupax del Sur Church, Magat Dam, etc.
Cultural Influences in the Philippines:
Spanish (Barrio fiestas, surnames, place names); architecture (colonial churches); Kalesa; cuisine like Adobo, Caldereta, Lechon; language influences; festivals.
Chinese influences in cuisine (pancit, lumpia, siopao), language (pangalan, terms), surnames, festivals.
American influences in language, education system, sports, pop culture, fast food.
Islamic influences in Mindanao; architecture, cuisine, dress.
Language and National Symbols (quick reference):
Official languages: Filipino (Tagalog-based) and English; 70–80 dialects; major dialects include Tagalog, Cebuano, Ilocano.
National symbols by law: National Flag, Anthem, Language, Flower, Tree, Bird, Gem, National Sport (Arnis), Sign Language.
Geography, Climate, and Administrative Divisions of the Philippines (selected)
Geography and climate overview:
Archipelago with 7,641 islands; tropical climate; two seasons (dry and rainy); about 22 typhoons per year on average.
Mountainous topography with volcanic activity; climate varies by elevation; notable peaks: Mount Apo, Mount Pulag, Mount Mayon, Kanlaon.
Administrative divisions (high level):
3 island groups: Luzon, Visayas, Mindanao.
18 regions, 82 provinces, 149 cities, 1,493 municipalities, 42,004 barangays.
Disaster Risk Management in Tourism
Importance of the tourism industry in risk contexts: tourism is an economic driver and a critical component of employment and community well-being; visitor flows affect local economies.
Key definitions:
Disaster: A serious disruption exceeding a community’s ability to cope without external help (WHO: any occurrence causing damage, economic loss, death, or health service breakdown).
Crisis: An event affecting long-term trust or operation of a tourism organization; Crisis Management is preparing, responding, and recovering from crisis situations.
Hazard vs. Risk:
Hazard: Source of potential harm (e.g., flood, fire).
Risk: Likelihood that the hazard will occur and affect objectives.
Types of Hazards:
Natural (earthquakes, floods, tsunamis, cyclones, volcanoes)
Technological (transport/infrastructure failures, industrial systems)
Biological (disease outbreaks, contamination, pests)
Civil/Political (terrorism, civil unrest, war, sabotage)
Sources of risk (WTO, 2003):
Human & Institutional, Tourism & Related Sectors, Individual Travelers, Physical & Environmental.
Characteristics of disasters (hazard assessment framework):
Frequency, duration, onset speed, scope, destructive potential.
Tourism & Disaster Management: benefits of tourism in disaster planning include visitor protection, recognizing economic importance, enabling proactive response.
Risk Management in Tourism – Core Concepts
What is a Risk Management Plan?
A formal process to identify potential risks, analyze likelihood/impact, and implement strategies to prevent/mitigate/address risks.
Goal: Lessen the chance of risk or reduce its impact.
Types of strategies:
1) Preventive Strategy – before risk occurs; e.g., cancelling tours during bad weather.
2) Contingency Strategy – during/after risk; e.g., evacuation plans.Four Risk Management Options:
1) Risk Avoidance – Eliminate risk by avoiding activities.
2) Risk Reduction – Minimize likelihood or severity.
3) Risk Transfer – Shift risk to another party (often via contracts/insurance).
4) Risk Retention – Accept the risk and manage internally.Risk Avoidance examples:
Hiring only seasonal workers during peak periods; cancelling transport during bad weather; avoiding unsafe activities.
Risk Reduction elements:
Safety standards, equipment, trained personnel, emergency orientation, hazard fixes, inspections, and guest briefings.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) examples by type: respiratory, eye, hearing, hand, foot, head, etc.
Risk Transfer tools:
Outsourcing, derivatives, contracts/agreements, insurance (indemnity, subrogation, utmost good faith, adhesion).
Risk Retention:
Internal funding; needs financial planning and risk assessment.
Insurance Key Concepts:
Indemnity principle; insurable interest; subrogation; utmost good faith; doctrine of adhesion.
Risk Management Standards (discussed historically):
Australia/New Zealand Standard 4360-1995 (and revisions 1999, 2004): framework for risk management; hazard-based vs. community vulnerability approaches to disaster risk.
The Tourism Risk Management Process (overview):
Two enabling activities: Communicate and Consult; Monitor and Review.
Five major activities: Establish the Context; Identify Risks; Analyse Risks; Evaluate Risks; Treat Risks.
Step 1: Establish the Context – define risk evaluation framework; consider internal/external environment; define safety issues; laws; stakeholder concerns; collaboratively develop criteria.
Step 2: Identify Risks – systematic collection of risks; hazard information; elements at risk (people, infrastructure, etc.); example statements (e.g., flooding risk inundating a hotel).
Step 3: Analyze Risks – assess likelihood and consequences; review existing controls; qualitative consequence scales (Insignificant, Minor, Moderate, Major, Catastrophic).
Step 4: Evaluate Risks – determine treatment priority; protect life first; document decisions; monitor untreated risks.
Step 5: Treat Risks – options include avoid, reduce likelihood, reduce consequences, transfer, retain; methods include prevention/mitigation, preparedness, response, recovery.
Treatment Selection Criteria:
Cost-effectiveness, government endorsement, stakeholder acceptance, speed of benefit, impact on destination.
Risk Treatment Plan Steps:
Assign responsibilities and budget; set timelines; define KPIs; monitor and review; maintain communication.
Residual Risk:
Some crises are unavoidable; risk remaining after treatment; tourism must be part of multi-agency community plans.
Risk Management Implementation – Practical Framework
Risk Management Process Overview (structure):
Stakeholders and decision-makers must engage in two-way communication; maintain a risk register; ensure ongoing collaboration with politicians, emergency services, tourism organizations, government officials, hospitals, NGOs, community groups, media, etc.
Stepwise process (summary):
Establish context → Identify risks → Analyze risks → Evaluate risks → Treat risks → Monitor and review; with communication/consultation throughout.
Philippines Geography, Culture, and Tourism Context (selected highlights)
Geography and population:
Archipelago of 7,641 islands; diverse topography including volcanic mountains; tropical climate with two seasons; average typhoon activity around 22 per year.
Major mountain peaks: Mount Apo, Mount Pulag, Mount Mayon, Kanlaon.
Administrative divisions and population centers:
18 regions, 82 provinces, 149 cities, 1,493 municipalities, 42,004 barangays.
Regions discussed: ILocos (Region I), Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR), Cagayan Valley (Region II), etc.
Regional highlights (selected examples):
Region I (Ilocos Region): Provinces – Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, La Union, Pangasinan; capital Laoag; notable attractions include Cape Bojeador Lighthouse, Vigan, Burnayan coastlines, etc.
Region II (Cagayan Valley): Northeastern Luzon; provinces include Cagayan, Isabela, Nueva Vizcaya, Quirino; Ivatan in Batanes; major sites like Callao Caves, Magat Dam, Aparri delta.
Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR): Mostly mountainous; indigenous ethnolinguistic groups (Ibaloi, Kankanay, Ifugao, Kalinga, etc.); home of Banaue Rice Terraces; summer capital: Baguio City.
Culture and influences:
Pre-colonial Austronesian roots blended with Hispanic, American, Chinese, and Islamic influences.
Cuisine examples: Adobo, Lechon (Spanish/Asian fusion), Pancit, Lumpia (Chinese influence), Halal dishes (Islamic influence in Mindanao).
National symbols and traditional attire reflect these cultural layers (Barong Tagalog, Baro’t Saya, etc.).
Language and education:
Official languages: Filipino (based on Tagalog) and English; 70–80 dialects; major dialects include Tagalog, Cebuano, Ilocano.
National symbols (selected):
National Flag, National Anthem, National Language, National Flower (Sampaguita), National Tree (Narra), National Bird (Philippine Eagle), National Gem (Philippine Pearl), National Sport (Arnis).
Connections to Policy and Practice
National Tourism Development Plan (NTDP) 2016–2022 and Product Portfolio (9 types) provide a framework for sustainable and inclusive growth, with emphasis on infrastructure, marketing, human resource capacity, culture, and climate resilience.
International collaboration (UNWTO, ICAO, IATA, WTTC) supports standardization, safety, and best practices; national agencies (DOT, TPB, TIEZA, IA, NPDC, NPF, DFPC, PRA) implement and adapt these standards locally.
Ethics and responsible travel are integral to policy and practice, reinforcing sustainable development, cultural preservation, and host-community benefits.
Quick Reference: Key Numbers and Formulas (LaTeX)
UNWTO forecast for international arrivals: N_{arr} \approx 1.8 \\times 10^9
Emerging destinations share: \%\_{emerging} = 58\%
Philippine GDP contribution (2017): ext{₱}1.38 \\times 10^{12} PHP, with forecast to ext{₱}2.5 \\times 10^{12} by 2028
Philippine jobs forecast by 2028: 3.2 \\times 10^{6}
Domestic arrivals (PH, 2017): 96.7 \\times 10^{6}
International arrivals (PH, 2017): 6.62 \\times 10^{6}
Plog's Model types: Allocentric, Psychocentric, Midcentric (qualitative categories for tourist personality)
Risk management qualitative scales (example): Insignificant, Minor, Moderate, Major, Catastrophic
Note: The notes above summarize the comprehensive content from the provided transcript, including concepts, historical milestones, policy frameworks, organizational structures, and country-specific context. Where numbers or definitions are presented, LaTeX formatting has been applied to numerical references and formulas as requested.