X Leah Darling - М...

Module 53: Hunger Motivation

Module 54: Sexual Motivation

NOTE: ALL RESPONSES SHOULD BE IN BOLD OR COLORED FOnT.

1. Describe Washburn's study.

_a nee hierarchy- study were men became food obsessed-preoccupied with

their physcilogic needs they lost interest in ex nd social activities

2. Increases in insulin_decreases

(increases or decreases) blood glucose.

If your glucose level is low, you will feel _hunger

4.1

If the lateral hypothalamus is electronically stimulated, an animal

Posterion

will:

be hungry

(see google slides)

Hypothalamus

1. If the lateral hypothalamus is destroyed, the animal will supress hunger (see google slides)

2. If a researcher stimulates the ventromedial hypothalamus, what is the

Tateral ares

impact on an animal?_vomit and stops eating.

_(see google slides)

Medial

7. If a researcher destroys the ventromedial hypothalamus, what is the impact on an animal?

excessive caune

_(see google slides)

The hypothalamus monitors levels of_ghrelin

which is a

hunger-arousing hormone secreted by an empty stomach..

1. How does one's set point affect their weight?_fat cells grab glucose from the bloodstream-hunger increases and energy expenditure decreases so the stable eight is the weight that is trying to get to

2. If people are feeling tense or depressed, they tend to crave starchy, carbohydrate-laden foods. Why?_b/c theres carbohydrates in it that boost the neurotransmitter; serotionni which ahs a calming effect

3. With repeated exposure to new or novel foods, what tends to happen? _taste preferences are conditioned

4. How does unit bias impact the quantity of food consumed? Explain.

some cultures may eat smaller

portions, or some people feel compelled to finish their serving size

Identify the hormone/protein that.... (see textbook)

Insulin

Leptin

Orexin

Ghrelin

Obestatin

PYY

A.

Oxrein

Causes brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger

B.

Insulin

Controls blood glucose

C.

Obestain

Digestive tract hormone that suppresses appetite

D.

Ghrelin

Hunger-triggering hormone

Leptin

Sends the "I'm full" signal to the brain

PYY

Sends the "I'm hungry" signal to the brain

G.

H.

LeptinIs secreted by fat cells

Ghrelin

_Is secreted by the digestive tract

_Oxrein

Is secreted by the hypothalamus

insulin

Is secreted by the pancreas

K.

Ghrelin

Obestain

Is secreted by the empty stomach

Is secreted by the full stomach

13. A person is considered overweight if they have a body max index (BMI) of greater than

25

and

obese if they have a BMI greater than

30

14. What health risks are obesity associated with?

high blood pressure, diabetes

1. Discuss how obesity rates have changed since 1975? What factors may have contributed to this?
   enviormental factors-sleep loss, social influences, food and activity levels

2. How has storing fat contributed to obesity (from an evolutionary standpoint?)

b/c our ancestors used

stored energy as a way to carry energy through periods of famine

17. Explain how set point and one's metabolism contributes to obesity.

lower metabolic rate requirs less

food intake to maintain than it does to gain- if eight sropps body=hungry

18. How do one's genes contribute to obesity? How do environmental factors contribute? Explain.

_lean

ppl are naturally disposed to move around, environmental factors like our family can influence our lifestyle

19. When one loses weight, do their number of fat cells decrease?

_no

What happens to them?

the

size of fat cells shrink

20. What factors are involved in weight management?

enviroment, friends, making decisions,

exercise

X Leah Darling - M...

匚

K.

Ghrelin

Obestain

Is secreted by the empty stomach

Is secreted by the full stomach

13. A person is considered overweight if they have a body max index (BMI) of greater than

25

and

obese if they have a BMI greater than

30

14. What health risks are obesity associated with?

high blood pressure, diabetes

1. Discuss how obesity rates have changed since 1975? What factors may have contributed to this?
   enviormental factors-sleep loss, social influences, food and activity levels

2. How has storing fat contributed to obesity (from an evolutionary standpoint?)

_b/c our ancestors used

stored energy as a way to carry energy through periods of famine

17. Explain how set point and one's metabolism contributes to obesity.

lower metabolic rate requirs less

food intake to maintain than it does to gain- if eight sropps body=hungry

18. How do one's genes contribute to obesity? How do environmental factors contribute? Explain.

lean

ppl are naturally disposed to move around, environmental factors like our family can influence our lifestyle

19. When one loses weight, do their number of fat cells decrease?

no

What happens to them?

the

size of fat cells shrink

20. What factors are involved in weight management?

enviroment, friends, making decisions,

exercise

1. Define:

1. Asexual

2. Testosterone
   having no sexual atrtraction for others

the most important sex hormone for men, stimulates growth of male sex organs

Estrogenes

sex hormones in female selectedby greater amouns and peaks during ovulation

1. For females, estrogen production peaks when they are ovulation

2. Explain the research findings of how estrogen levels can affect females' sexual behavior. _increased libido, vaginal lubrication, mood andbreats and nipple enlargement

3. Explain the research findings of how testosterone levels can affect females' sexual behavior.

by

increasing sexual desire, libido,and higher sexual desire

1. Explain the research findings of how testosterone levels can affect males' sexual behavior. _higher testosterone levels equal higher sexual desire and frequency

2. As identified by Masters and Johnson, identify the four stages of the sexual response cycle.excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution

3. Define refectory period as it relates to sexual motivation. period following orgasm which an individual is unable to experience another orgasm

a. There was another definition for a refectory period when we studied neural communication.

How, if at all, does the definition differ?

refractory period and action potential: it differs as

refractory period is psychological inability while AP was a biological_

8. How do external stimuli and internal stimuli contribute to sexual arousal? both external and internal contribute to arosual as visuals, auditory cues and internal like fantasies or thoughts can combine and contribute to sexual arousal

3:09

42)

Module 53: Hunger Motivation

Module 54: Sexual Motivation

NOTE: ALL RESPONSES SHOULD BE In BOLD OR COLORED FONT.

What triggers hunger?: your stomach is a muscle, so an expansion and contraction of a muscle AL Washburn and Walter Cannon: Are stomach pains associated with the association of hunger?

• Washburn intentionally swallowed a balloon

• When inflated to fill his stomach, the balloon transmitted his stomach contracts

• Monitoring stomach contractions: Washburns showed that stomach contractions, accompany our feelings of hunger

• Would one feel hungry if they didn't have a stomach?

• Physiological hunger: would hunger persist without stomach pangs? Researcher removed rats stomachs and attached their esophagi to their small einsteins: rats would eat and some hunger persists similarly in humans whose ulcerated or had stomach removed

• The hypothalamus is responsible for eating behavior

• Stimulations in the hypothalamus mnemonics!!

• Ventromedial area

• Vomit

• Stop eating

• Lateral area

• Keep eating

• Lesion area is the opposite of stimulation

If you were to lesion the ventromedial- they eat to death

Lesion to lateral area: they stop eating

• Increase appetite:

• Ghrelin: a hunger-arousing hormone secreted by an empty stomach. Sends the "I'm hungry" signal to brain

• Orexin: hunger triggering hormone secreted by the hypothalamus

• Decrease Appetite:
  o Insulin: hormone secreted by pancreas; controls blood glucose

• Obestain: a sister hormone to ghrelin, is produced by the same gene, but obestatin sends out a fullness signal that suppress hunger

• Leptin: a protein that is secreted by fact cells and acts to diminish the rewarding pleasure of food

• PW: Digestive tract hormone, send the "I'm not hungry" signal to brain

Body Chemistry and the Brain

• Interaction of appetite hormones and brain activity that helps explain the body's predisposition to maintain a particular weight

• This stable weight toward which semi starved and overstuffed rats return is their set

• In rats and humans, heredity influences body type and set point

Our body weight fluctuates and stays at our basal metabolic rate

• The body's resting rate of energy expenditure

Taste preferences:

• Neophobia: the fear or dislike of novel (new) foods

• Body chemistry and environment together influence not only when we feel hungry but also what we are hungry for

• Craving carbs when depressed/tense

• Haln hanet levels of the naurntransmittar corntonin which has a calmina offort

pleasure of food

• PW: Digestive tract hormone, send the "I'm not hungry" signal to brain

Body Chemistry and the Brain

• Interaction of appetite hormones and brain activity that helps explain the body's predisposition to maintain a particular weight

• This stable weight toward which semi starved and overstuffed rats return is their set point

• In rats and humans, heredity influences body type and set point o Our body weight fluctuates and stays at our basal metabolic rate

• The body's resting rate of energy expenditure

Taste preferences:

• Neophobia: the fear or dislike of novel (new) foods

• Body chemistry and environment together influence not only when we feel hungry but also what we are hungry for

• Craving carbs when depressed/tense

• Help boost levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin, which has a calming effect

• Our preferences for sweet and salty tastes are genetic and universal

• Culture affects taste too

• For example: north americans and europeans shun horse, dog and rat meat which are all prized elsewhere

• Taste preferences are also adaptive

• For example: pregnancy related nausea causes dif taste preference
  Peaks at 10th week bc embryo is most vulnerable to toxins

• Fat cells: we store energy in fat cells which because large and more numerous if we are obese and smaller, if we then lose weight

Sexual Motivation

• Alfred Kinsey

• Large scale surveys on sexual motivation

• Results of some of these efforts published in 2 books

• Found that how people are talking about sex and how they feel are two totally different things

• First form of research that allows communication of sexuality

• MAsters and Johnsons

• Conducts a largest experiment on sex through naturalistic observation

• Observed 700 people who agreed to participate in study

• Found out that that a physiological level, we have four phases of sexual response cycle

Physiology of Sex

• Asexual: having no sexual attraction to others

Hormones and sexual behavior

• se x homorones have 2 effects

• They have direct physical development of male and female sex characteristics

• Activate in sezual behavior

• In most mammals: nature and synchornizes sex=fertiity

• Estrogen: sex hormones greater in female than male

• Estrogen peaks: during evolution

• Testosterone: the most important of the male sex hormones, both male and female have it but the additional testosterone in males stimulate the growth of male sex organs in fetus and development of male sex characteristics during puberty

The PHysiology of Sex

• Sexual response cycle

• Excitement phase

• Plateau phase

• Orgasm

• Revolution phase

• Male enter a refractory period from a minute to a day burning which they can have another orgasm

• The female have shorter refractory period

• Refractory period: a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm

AP Daily Video 4.6, : Hunger

1. What is hunger? Identify the four primary reasons we feel hunger: know difference of drive an

a. Hunger: a neurological event, a chemical imbalance, an emotional need, and a social pressure.

Gestalt: the whole is more than the sum of its parts

2. Please complete the chart below on empirical vs. non-empirical (or semiempirical)

5 of 6

Physical Process

• Empirical means measurable and observable

Mental Process

• A 'desire' to eat is not empirical and hard to study

• Generally, empirical studies make research more straightforward

• What tastes good is a perception; perceptions are basically opinions not empirical and are hard to study

• Drawing blood and analyzing hormones in empirical

• Pressure to slim down or bulk up is not empirical and hard to study

• Quantifiable research methods

• Qualifiable research method

3. What are other additional, "non-empirical" reasons for hunger? Fill in the chart below:

External: food availability

Does easily available food make you want it more?

4. Two Hunger Hormones--Please complete the chart below using the AP Daily Video

Ghrelin

• Ghrelin is associated with being hungry

• Ghrelin is released by the stomach and seems to stimulate appetite

• If the release of ghrelin causes on to want to eat. What caused the release of ghrelin?

• Ghrelin makes your tummy go 'ghrr'

Leptin

• Leptin is associated with being full or having less appetite

• Leptin is released from the small intestine and seems to stop hunger

• If the release of leptin causes one to stop eating, what causes the release of leptin?

• Leptin makes you lean

Activity: Identify a specific time from your life in which you experienced one of the following non-empirical reasons for hunger and eating behavior.

Crash Course on Sexual Motivation

1. What two important tasks did Kinsley succeed in as a result of his research?

2. Define gender:

3. Discuss the Masters' and Johnson study and the outcome—be sure to mention the phases of the sexual response cycle in your response (and define)

4. What is the difference between female and male refractory periods?