Phases of learning, feedback and guidance

Cognitive – e.g. over arm throw

-              First stage of learning used by a beginner or novice.

-              Break skills down into subroutines – trial and error – need immediate extrinsic feedback – not enough knowledge to self correct.

Associative – off drive

-              Second stage of learning where motor programs are starting to be developed and our performance looks smoother.

-              Long stage – competent beginner to a very able amateur.

-              Still using extrinsic feedback – some intrinsic – kinaesthetic feedback

-              Trial and error – more advanced skills

-              Modelling – watching elite athletes and trying to replicate

Autonomous –

-              Final stage of learning used by an expert or elite athlete where the movement requires high technical skills and precision.

-              After lots of practise – build up motor programs pf the skills which are stored in the long-term memory – dominant response

-              Intrinsic feedback – kinaesthesis – know how to correct.

Motor program

-              A set of instructions and responses

-              Try an order of instructions – If it doesn’t work, try another

Feedback – 18.11.24

Information to help improve technique

Positive

-              Encouragement, congratulating

-              Performed technique correctly and coach wants you to repeat it

-              Gives motivation to repeat it

-              Feels good about yourself

Negative

-              Correcting errors or mistakes – less pleasant

-              Tells what is wrong so stop repeating it

-              Needs to be gives straight away

-              Demotivating – not for beginners

Intrinsic

-              Feedback from within ourselves – receptors in muscles

-              Giving feedback from muscles of how it feels – kinaesthetic

-              Autonomous learner/ high level

Extrinsic

-              Feedback from an external source

-              Good for beginners – with less experience

-              Positive/negative, knowledge or results/performance

Knowledge of performance

-              Feedback on our technique

-              Everyone benefits – especially beginners – may not get good end result

-              Personal bests – good technique

Knowledge of results

-              Outcome of the game, competition

-              Autonomous learners – elite athletes want to win

Feedback needs to be immediate to keep it relevant

Can be motivating or demotivating

Learning plateau – a moment in time when there is no learning or improvement

Could be caused by:

-              Lack of motivation

-              Injury

-              Not enough good resources

-              Different area of focus

-              Change of team

-              Boredom

Coaches or others need to recognise this

To fix it:

-              Change methods of training – new drills

-              Give roles of responsibility

1-       learning is slow – beginner

2-       Rapid improvement in learning and performance

3-       Plateau – no learning, lack of motivation

4-       Potential decline in performance – drive reduction

Guidance – 25/11/24

Visual

-              Easy for everyone to understand

-              No bad habits developed

-              Goes with verbal

-               

-              Unhelpful if incorrect technique developed

Manual

-              Physically moving performer into correct position e.g. in gymnastics with higher risk

-              Kinaesthesis – know how the skill should feel

-              Correct technique

-              Gives more confidence to the performer

-              Can do more challenging skills

.

-              Can become reliant on support – need slow progression away to avoid it

-              Could develop bad habits

-              Could become scared of doing alone

-              Performers may feel uncomfortable

Mechanical

-              Using artificial aids to help with guidance

-              E.g. diving harness, floaties

-              Feel the movement and correct technique

-              More confidence – less risk of injury – used for dangerous skills

-              .

-              Over reliance

-              Develop bed habits

-              Prevents from getting full kinaesthesis