Cells are the smallest living units in the human body.
The human body contains approximately 50 to 100 trillion cells.
Nucleus: Contains genetic material (DNA) and controls cellular activities.
Cytoplasm: The space between the plasma membrane and nucleus, containing organelles and cytosol (fluid).
Plasma Membrane: Outer boundary of the cell, regulates what enters and exits the cell.
Different cells exhibit various structures and functions due to gene expression.
All cells contain identical DNA, but different genes are expressed in different cell types, leading to cell differentiation.
Most plant and animal cells are between 10 to 100 micrometers.
Red blood cells are smaller, while some cells like human oocytes and muscle fibers can be quite large.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Network of membranes; Rough ER has ribosomes for protein synthesis, while Smooth ER is involved in detoxification.
Golgi Apparatus: Packages and distributes proteins and lipids synthesized in the ER.
Lysosomes: Contain enzymes to digest cellular waste and debris.
Peroxisomes: Contain enzymes that neutralize free radicals and detoxify substances.
Mitochondria: The powerhouse of the cell; generates ATP through cellular respiration.
Ribosomes: Sites of protein synthesis, made of rRNA and proteins.
Cytoskeleton: Structural framework of the cell, aids in cell division and movement of organelles.
Fluids Mosaic Model: Plasma membrane consists of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrates.
Integral Proteins: Span the membrane and function in transport and cell signaling.
Peripheral Proteins: Attached loosely to the membrane and are involved in cellular signaling and structural support.
Simple Diffusion: Movement of molecules down their concentration gradients without energy.
Osmosis: Diffusion of water across a membrane.
Facilitated Diffusion: Movement through protein channels; does not require energy.
Active Transport: Movement of molecules against their concentration gradient, requires energy (e.g., sodium-potassium pump).
Exocytosis: Process to move materials out of the cell.
Endocytosis: Process of taking materials into the cell, including phagocytosis (cell eating) and pinocytosis (cell drinking).
Nuclear Envelope: Double membrane with pores that regulate the passage of molecules.
Nucleolus: Site of ribosome production within the nucleus.
Chromatin & Chromosomes: DNA exists as chromatin when the cell is not dividing and condenses into chromosomes during cell division.
Interphase: Consists of G1 (growth), S (DNA synthesis), and G2 (preparation for division).
M Phase: Includes mitosis (division of nucleus) and cytokinesis (division of cytoplasm).
Stages of Mitosis: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.
Aging can result from various factors including wear and tear and a decrease in mitochondrial function.
Cell death can occur through necrosis (due to damage) or apoptosis (programmed cell death).
Chapter ll: Anatomy
Cells are the smallest living units in the human body.
The human body contains approximately 50 to 100 trillion cells.
Nucleus: Contains genetic material (DNA) and controls cellular activities.
Cytoplasm: The space between the plasma membrane and nucleus, containing organelles and cytosol (fluid).
Plasma Membrane: Outer boundary of the cell, regulates what enters and exits the cell.
Different cells exhibit various structures and functions due to gene expression.
All cells contain identical DNA, but different genes are expressed in different cell types, leading to cell differentiation.
Most plant and animal cells are between 10 to 100 micrometers.
Red blood cells are smaller, while some cells like human oocytes and muscle fibers can be quite large.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Network of membranes; Rough ER has ribosomes for protein synthesis, while Smooth ER is involved in detoxification.
Golgi Apparatus: Packages and distributes proteins and lipids synthesized in the ER.
Lysosomes: Contain enzymes to digest cellular waste and debris.
Peroxisomes: Contain enzymes that neutralize free radicals and detoxify substances.
Mitochondria: The powerhouse of the cell; generates ATP through cellular respiration.
Ribosomes: Sites of protein synthesis, made of rRNA and proteins.
Cytoskeleton: Structural framework of the cell, aids in cell division and movement of organelles.
Fluids Mosaic Model: Plasma membrane consists of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrates.
Integral Proteins: Span the membrane and function in transport and cell signaling.
Peripheral Proteins: Attached loosely to the membrane and are involved in cellular signaling and structural support.
Simple Diffusion: Movement of molecules down their concentration gradients without energy.
Osmosis: Diffusion of water across a membrane.
Facilitated Diffusion: Movement through protein channels; does not require energy.
Active Transport: Movement of molecules against their concentration gradient, requires energy (e.g., sodium-potassium pump).
Exocytosis: Process to move materials out of the cell.
Endocytosis: Process of taking materials into the cell, including phagocytosis (cell eating) and pinocytosis (cell drinking).
Nuclear Envelope: Double membrane with pores that regulate the passage of molecules.
Nucleolus: Site of ribosome production within the nucleus.
Chromatin & Chromosomes: DNA exists as chromatin when the cell is not dividing and condenses into chromosomes during cell division.
Interphase: Consists of G1 (growth), S (DNA synthesis), and G2 (preparation for division).
M Phase: Includes mitosis (division of nucleus) and cytokinesis (division of cytoplasm).
Stages of Mitosis: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.
Aging can result from various factors including wear and tear and a decrease in mitochondrial function.
Cell death can occur through necrosis (due to damage) or apoptosis (programmed cell death).