CMT - ch 10 Musculoskeletal Sytem

🔹 Anatomy & Medical Terms

Built from word parts:

bone - organ made up of hard connective tissue with a dense outer layer and spongy inner layer

carpal - pertaining to the wrist

electromyogram (EMG) - record of the electrical activity of the muscle

bursectomy - excision of the bursa

bone marrow - Material found in the cavities of bones; red marrow is responsible for blood cell formation, and yellow marrow serves as a storehouse for fat

cartilage - A flexible connective tissue found in various forms throughout the body, including joints, ribs, and the nose; it provides support and cushioning.

ilium - Upper wing-shaped part on each side of the pelvis

ischium - lower posterior portion of the pelvis on which one sits

joint - structure forming the union between bones and often allowing for movement

ligament - flexible, tough bands of fibrous connective tissue that attach one bone to another bone at a joint

muscle - tissue composed of specialized cells with the ability to contract to produce movement

pubis - anterior portion of pelvis

sternum - long, flat bone attached to the collarbone and first seven ribs, forming the center front of the chest wall (also called the breastbone)

tendon - band of fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone

carpectomy - excision of a wrist bone

vertebral column - consists of 33 individual vertebrae that provide structural support to the body and protect the spinal cord.

arthr/o – joint

dyskinesia - painful movement

chondrectomy - excision of cartilage

dual x-ray absorption (DXA) - a low-radiation imaging technique used to measure bone mineral density and assess the risk of fractures.

burs/o – bursa (sac of fluid near joint)

carp/o – wrist bones

chondr/o – cartilage

cost/o - rib

crani/o - skull or cranium

femor/o - femur

humer/o - humerus

ili/o - ilium

isch/i - ischium

femoral - pertaining to the femur

kinesi/o - movement, motion

kyph/o - hump (thorasic spine)

lord/o - bent forward (lumbar spine)

necro/o - death

rachi/o - vertevra, spine, vertebral column

scoli/o - crooked, curved (spine)

Spondyl/o - vertebra, spine, vertebral column

stern/o - sternum

ten/o, tendin/o - tendon

troph/o - development

oste/o – bone

my/o – muscle

phalang/o – phalanges (finger/toe bones)

vertebr/o – vertebra

pub/o – pubis

necr/o – death (of tissue)

dystrophy - abnormal development

Suffixes: -malacia (softening), -asthenia (weakness), -desis (binding/fusion), -schisis (split/fissure) …

🔹 Terms NOT Built from Word Parts

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) - a condition caused by compression of the median nerve within the carpal tunnel, leading to pain, numbness, and weakness in the hand and wrist.

Muscular dystrophy (MD) - a genetic disorder characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) - A chronic inflammatory disorder affecting many joints, including those in the hands and feet.

Osteoarthritis (OA) - a degenerative joint disease characterized by the breakdown of cartilage and underlying bone, leading to pain, stiffness, and reduced mobility.

Spinal stenosis - a condition where the spinal canal narrows, putting pressure on the spinal cord and nerves, often leading to pain and mobility issues.

Plantar fasciitis - A common cause of heel pain characterized by inflammation of the plantar fascia, which can result from excessive running or walking.

Osteoporosis - a condition characterized by weakened bones and an increased risk of fractures, often associated with aging and hormonal changes.

Lyme disease - An inflammatory disease caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi, transmitted through tick bites, which can affect the musculoskeletal system, leading to joint pain and swelling.

Hernia - A condition where an organ pushes through an opening in the muscle or tissue that holds it in place.

Fracture (Fx) - A break in bone continuity that can result from trauma, osteoporosis, or underlying pathology. Common types include complete, incomplete, closed, and open fractures.

Herniated disk - rupture of the intervertebral disk cartilage, which allows the contents to protude through it, putting pressure on the spinal nerve roots

🔹 Clinical Categories

Signs & Symptoms:

Myalgia – muscle pain

Arthralgia – joint pain

Bradykinesia – slow movement

Atrophy – without development (process of wasting away)

Hypertrophy – excessive development

iliac - pertaining to the ilium

iliofemoral - pertaining to the ilium and femur

intervertebral - pertaining to between the vertebrae

hypertrophic - pertaining to excessive development

Diseases & Disorders:

Arthritis - inflammation of one or more joints, causing pain and stiffness that can worsen with age.

Osteomalacia - a condition characterized by the softening of bones due to a vitamin D deficiency, leading to increased risk of fractures.

Osteonecrosis - a condition characterized by the death of bone tissue due to a lack of blood supply, often resulting in pain and decreased mobility.

Scoliosis - A lateral curvature of the spine that can occur in childhood and may require treatment to prevent complications.

Kyphosis - A condition characterized by an excessive curvature of the thoracic spine, leading to a hunchback appearance and potential back pain.

Lordosis - a condition characterized by an excessive inward curvature of the spine, often observed in the lumbar region.

Chondromalacia - a condition characterized by the softening and deterioration of the cartilage on the underside of the kneecap, often leading to pain and inflammation.

Bursitis - inflammation of the bursa

Gout - a form of arthritis characterized by the accumulation of uric acid crystals in the joints, leading to sudden and severe episodes of pain, swelling, and redness, commonly affecting the big toe.

Diagnostic Tests:

MRI – Magnetic Resonance Imaging

NM – Nuclear Medicine

EMG – Electromyogram

Arthrogram – radiographic image of a joint

Arthroscopy – visual exam of a joint

arthroscopic - pertaining to visual examination of a joint

Surgical Procedures:

Arthroplasty – joint repair

Arthrocentesis – puncture to remove joint fluid

Arthrodesis – joint fusion

Bursotomy – incision into a bursa

Vertebroplasty – vertebra repair

Phalangectomy – phalanx removal

Specialties & Professions:

Orthopedist - medical doctor specializing in the diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of musculoskeletal disorders.

Orthopedics (ortho) - study and treatment of diseases and abnormalities of the musculoskeletal system

Chiropractor (DC) - A healthcare professional who specializes in diagnosing and treating musculoskeletal disorders, particularly through manual adjustment of the spine and other joints.

Chiropractic - system of treatment that consists of manipulation of the vertebral column

Doctor of Osteopathy (DO) - a medical professional who is trained to provide holistic care, focusing on the musculoskeletal system and its impact on overall health.

Physical Therapist (PT) - Licensed healthcare professional who specializes in improving patients' mobility and quality of life through exercise, manual therapy, and education.

Occupational Therapist (OT) - Healthcare professional who helps patients develop, recover, and maintain daily living and work skills.

🔹 Abbreviations

CTS – Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

Fx – Fracture

MD – Muscular Dystrophy

OA – Osteoarthritis

RA – Rheumatoid Arthritis

THA – Total Hip Arthroplasty

TKA – Total Knee Arthroplasty

ROM – Range of Motion

EMG – Electromyogram

MRI / MR – Magnetic Resonance Imaging

NM – Nuclear Medicine

PT / OT – Physical / Occupational Therapy

C1-C7: Cervical vertebrae

DC - doctor of chiropractic

DEXA - dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry

DO - doctor of osteopathy

L1-L5: Lumbar vertebrae

ortho - orthopedics

T1-T12: Thoracic vertebrae