molecules of life pt1

Molecules of Life (Part 1)

Introduction to Matter

• Definition: Matter makes up everything around us, including air, food, etc.

• Characteristics: Matter has mass and occupies space.

• Composition: Composed of elements, with each element having unique properties.

• Elements: A total of 118 elements have been described, but fewer than 30 are commonly found in living cells.

Atomic Structure

Atomic Theory

• Fundamental Principle: All matter is made up of tiny particles known as atoms.

• Definition of Atom: The smallest component of an element that retains all chemical properties.

Subatomic Particles

• Types:

  • Protons: Positively charged particles (+ charge).

  • Neutrons: Particles with no charge.

  • Electrons: Negatively charged particles (- charge).

• Atomic Identity: The number of protons in an atom defines the element.

Elements and Properties

Common Elements

• Most Common Elements in Living Organisms:

  • Carbon (C)

  • Hydrogen (H)

  • Oxygen (O)

  • Nitrogen (N)

  • Phosphorous (P)

  • Sulfur (S)

Element Properties

• All atoms of the same element have the same number of protons.

• Different elements possess various properties, leading to noticeable patterns.

Molecules

Definition and Composition

• Molecule: A group of atoms that are bonded together.

• Types of Molecules:

  • Same Element Molecules: Composed of atoms from the same element (e.g., diamond is made of carbon atoms).

  • Different Element Molecules: Made of atoms from different elements (e.g., water is made of hydrogen and oxygen atoms).

• Properties: Different molecules have distinct properties, similar to those of atoms.

The Hierarchical Structure of Life

• Levels of Biological Organization:

  • Atom: The smallest unit of matter.

  • Molecule: Made up of bonded atoms.

  • Cell: The basic unit of life.

  • Tissue: A group of cells working together.

  • Organ: Structures made of different tissues.

  • Organism: A living individual.

  • Population: Groups of the same species in a given area.

  • Community: Different populations living together.

  • Ecosystem: A community interacting with its environment.

  • Biosphere: The global ecological system integrating all living beings and their relationships.