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Organic Molecules and Functional Groups

Introduction to Organic Molecules & Functional Groups (Chapter 11)

Main Concepts

  • Organic molecules primarily consist of carbon (C) and hydrogen (H) atoms.

  • This chapter covers common bonding patterns in organic molecules and various representation notations.

  • It introduces predicting water solubility based on molecular structure.

Skills to Master

  • Interconversion of Structures: Convert between Lewis structures, condensed structures, and line (skeletal) structures.

  • Functional Group Identification: Identify 13 common functional groups by name and structure.

  • Solubility Prediction: Use molecular structure to predict solubility in water or organic solvents.

Key Terminology

  • Condensed structure

  • Functional group

  • Lewis structure

  • Line structure

Practice Exercises (Initial)

  1. Count the number of carbon (C) and hydrogen (H) atoms in given molecules.

  2. Identify all functional groups in given molecules.

  3. Predict water solubility for each molecule.

Alkanes & Naming (Chapter 12)

Main Concepts

  • Alkane Definition: An organic molecule composed solely of carbon (C) and hydrogen (H) atoms, featuring only single bonds.

  • Constitutional Isomers: Alkanes (or other molecules) that share the same molecular formula (same number of C and H atoms) but possess unique arrangements of those atoms.

Skills to Master

  • Isomer Drawing: Draw constitutional isomers of a given molecule.

  • Isomer Identification: Determine if a pair of molecules are constitutional isomers or identical.

  • Alkane Naming: Identify the correct name for straight-chain alkanes, cyclic alkanes, and halogenated alkanes.

Key Terminology

  • Alkane (al-CANE)

  • Alkyl halide (al-KILL HAY-lide)

  • Branched alkane

  • Constitutional isomer

  • Cycloalkane (sigh-CLOW al-CANE)

  • Parent chain

  • Substituent (sub-STITCH-you-ent)

Naming Alkanes: Step-by-Step Procedure

  1. Classify Molecule Pairs: Determine if given pairs of molecules are constitutional isomers, the same molecule, or neither.

  2. Naming Substituted Alkanes (Single Substituent):
    a. Identify Parent Chain: Find the longest continuous carbon chain in the molecule.
    b. Number the Chain: Start numbering the carbon chain from the end closest to the substituent.
    c. Locate & Name Substituent: Identify and name the group attached to the parent chain (e.g., methyl, ethyl).
    d. Construct Name: Place the substituent name (with its number) before the parent chain name, forming a single word. Example: 2-methylpentane.

  3. Multiple Substituents: If more than one substituent is present, list them in alphabetical order in the name, regardless of their numerical position. Numerical prefixes (di-, tri-, etc.) do not affect alphabetical order.

  4. Identical Substituents: If two or more identical substituents are present, number each one individually and use prefixes like