Unit-2 PPE

Unit Overview

• Determinants and Process of Learning

  • Needs, Interest, Attitude: Concept and Importance in Learning

  • Motivation: Concept, Types of Motivation, Role in the Learning

  • Memory: Concept, Types of Memory, Methods of Memorization

  • Forgetting: Nature, Causes, Ways of Minimizing Forgetfulness

  • Transfer of Learning: Concept, Types, and Implications

  • Factors Affecting Memory, Forgetting, and Transfer of Learning

Needs

Psychological Definition of Need

• Need is a psychological feature that arouses an organism to action toward a goal, giving purpose and direction to behavior.

• It represents a condition in which something must be provided to maintain a certain condition or achieve a desired result.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

• A theory stating that five categories of human needs dictate behavior:

  1. Physiological Needs: Food, Water, Sleep, Air, Sex.

  2. Safety Needs: Job security, safe neighborhood, personal security.

  3. Love and Belongingness: Friendship, intimacy, love from family and friends.

  4. Esteem Needs: Self-confidence, recognition, prestige.

  5. Self-Actualization Needs: Need for personal growth and fulfillment.

Basic Ingredients of Maslow's Theory

• Needs are diverse and arranged in a hierarchy of preference.

• Higher-level needs become conscious only after lower-level needs are satisfied.

• Only unsatisfied needs act as motivators for behavior.

Henry Murray's Theory of Needs

• Developed a motive-focused personality theory.

• Primary Needs: Biological demands (e.g., food, oxygen).

• Secondary Needs: Psychological needs (e.g., independence, achievement).

• Lists some of the 24 needs:

  • Psychogenic, Ambition, Materialistic, Power, Affection needs, etc.

Interest

Definition and Concept of Interest

• Interests influence behaviors and are expressed as likes and dislikes.

• According to Murphy, interest leads to absorbed experiences.

Types of Interest

• Individual Interest: Consistent preferences over time.

• Situational Interest: Temporary and context-specific motivations.

• Well-developed Individual Interest: Deep, enduring engagement with a topic.

Promoting Interest in Learning

• Use child-centered methods (project, play-way, activity methods).

• Incorporate audio-visual aids and connect learning to real-life experiences.

• Foster an inviting classroom environment to maintain engagement.

Importance of Interest in Education

• Enhances teaching and learning effectiveness.

• Increases attention, concentration, and discipline in students.

• Facilitates achievement of educational objectives.

Attitude

Definition of Attitude

• An attitude indicates a readiness to respond in a particular direction, including feelings, biases, and inclinations.

Types of Attitude

• Positive Attitude: Traits such as confidence and sincerity.

• Negative Attitude: Traits like hatred and pessimism.

• Neutral Attitude: Indifference or detachment.

Characteristics of Attitudes

• Learned and manifested in behaviors with motivational properties.

• Attitudes can be positive, negative, or neutral and vary in intensity.

Importance of Attitude in Education

• Essential for developing social attitudes and achieving educational objectives.

• A positive attitude fosters optimism and motivates toward success.

Developing Correct Attitudes

• Use direct and indirect experiences in teaching.

• Encourage favorable attitudes through engaging teaching methods and results.

Motivation

Definition and Concept of Motivation

• Derived from 'movere', meaning 'to move'; it involves arousing movement toward a goal.

• Influences behavior and directs actions in specific ways.

The Motivation Cycle

1. Need

2. Goal-directed behavior

3. Drive

4. Relief

Types of Motives

• Primary/Biological Motives: Hunger, thirst, rest.

• Secondary/Sociological Motives: Social approval, affection, achievement.

Classification of Motivation

1. Intrinsic Motivation: Arises from internal sources.

2. Extrinsic Motivation: Influences from external sources.

Role of Motivation in Teaching-Learning (T-L) Process

• Energizes and sustains behavior, captures attention, aids in personality development, and encourages discipline.

Memory

Definition of Memory

• Memory involves the revival of past experiences and includes recall and recognition of learned material.

Process of Memory

• Steps include:

  1. Learning

  2. Retention

  3. Recall

  4. Recognition

Types of Memory

• Sensory Memory (<1 sec)

• Short-term Memory (Working Memory) (1 min)

• Long-term Memory (lifetime) including:

  • Explicit (conscious) and Implicit (unconscious) Memory categories such as Declarative, Episodic, Semantic, Procedural.

Signs of Good Memory

1. Rapidity

2. Accuracy

3. Length of retention

4. Quick recall

Techniques for Memorization

• Techniques include willpower, attention, linking knowledge, repetition, and mnemonics like VIBGYOR.

Forgetting

Definition of Forgetting

• The failure to retain or recall previously learned information.

Kinds of Forgetting

• Passive/Natural Forgetting: No intention to forget; occurs over time.

• Active/Morbid Forgetting: Deliberate attempts to forget experiences.

Causes of Forgetting

1. Interference: Proactive and retroactive interference.

2. Retrieval Failure: Inability to recall information.

3. Motivational factors such as lack of interest.

Ebbinghaus Curve of Memory and Forgetting

• Demonstrates the percentage of information retained over varying times, indicating significant forgetting shortly after learning.

Ways to Minimize Forgetting

• Include strong motivation, a well-organized subject matter, progressive teaching methods, and adequate rest and health support.

Transfer of Learning

Definition

• Transfer of learning is applying knowledge, skills, and attitudes from one learning environment to another.

Educational Implications of Transfer of Learning

• Integrative curriculums, innovative teaching methods, and practical connections between theory and practice.

Factors Affecting Transfer of Learning

• Includes learner-related factors, content quality, teacher effectiveness, and environmental conditions affecting learning.