apush part 1 notes

Unit 1

• Before 1492

  • Natives cultivated maize → helped economic dev, settlement, irrigation, social diversification

  • Aztecs were in central america

    • Capital city: tenochtitlan

  • Maya in yucatan peninsula

  • inca people in andes mountains 

    • Relied on fertilized mountain valleys

  • Southwest 

    • Pueblo people were sedentary

      • Farmed maize

      • Built buildings out of adobe clay onto sides of mountains 

  • Great plains/basin - north near colorado 

    • Nomadic people, hunter gather people

    • Ex. ute people lived in small kinship bands

  • Pacific northwest 

    • Fishing villages, relied on elk, permanent settlements 

    • Ex. chinook people used great cedar trees to construct houses

    • Ex. chumash were permanent settlers but also hunters/gatherers 

  • Hopewell people built large towns, very complex

  • Northeast

    • Iriquoy had long houses and large populations, lots of crops 

• After 1492

  • Reasons for europeans to explore

    • Population increase

    • Political unification (central gov)

    • Desire for luxury goods from asia

      • Couldn't use land  trade routes bc muslims controlled them

  • Portugal was the first - Prince henry the navigator - wanted to find a way to asia through atlantic ocean 

    • Portugal established trading post empire around africa

      • Used caravals (trading boats), new navigation techniques 

  • Spain leaders (isabella and ferdinand) wanted to explore and spread christianity

    • Italian christopher columbus asked them to sponsor him so he could go to asia by sailing west and prove earth was round

      • Left in 1492

      • Landed in san salvador island in caribbean but thought it was the west indies 

      • Brought back gold to spain = more explorers 

• COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE - exchange of food, animals, minerals, diseases between africa, europe, and americas

  • Herman cortez conquered tenochtitlan (aztec capital city)  because natives died from smallpox

  • Caused crazy economic growth in europe 

  • Before 1502 there was feudalism system and then after switched to capitalism 

    • Joint stock companies developed which were organizations where investors pooled their money to fund trips

  • Brought enslaved africans to the americas and enslaved natives to europe

• Spanish was funded by mercantilism (heavy government involvement)

  • After 1573, spain sent missionaries to conform americans to christianity 

  • Natives wanted european tools, europeans wanted fur trade

  • Pueblo revolt: pueblo people revolted against christ and burned spanish colonizers churches

    • Natives sometimes adopted christianity but also kept their old gods which made europeans mad 

  • Created casta system that categorized the people who lived in the americas based on their descent 

  • Encomienda system - spaniards forced the natives to work on their farms and mine minerals for them 

    • Problems: natives started to revolt and escape, natives kept dying because of smallpox → europeans import africans to work on their fields 

  • Bartolome of las casas - was a priest who argued spain should stop brutalizing indians or their soul would be lost to god → wanted to replace natives with africans in the encomienda system and was sympathetic towards natives 

Unit 2

• French colonial efforts in americas 

  • Distracted with european wars 

  • Tried to look for a waterway through the americas but were unsuccessful so changed their minds towards settling there instead

  • In 1608 samuel de champlain created a settlement called quebec 

  • French focused more on trade instead of conquest like spain

  • In canada, the french and ojibwe indians had an alliance because of fur trade for french and indians got tools 

• Dutch colonial efforts 

  • Wanted a waterway passage through americas

  • Henry hudson couldn't find a passage but claimed new amsterdam colony  

  • Had no interest in converting religions, just wanted money 

• British colonial efforts 

  • Motivations: economy and wanted more land, religious freedom 

  • Enclosure movement: took land from the peasants and gave it to others, which motivated the peasants to also explore americas

• Regions of the british colonies 

  • Chesapeake colonies were the first (jamestown in 1607) by joint stock companies → died from disease and famine (resorted to cannibalism) 

  • Cultivation of tobacco in 1612 

  • Labour was done by indentured servants where people from britain couldnt afford to come by themselves so they agreed to work for 7 years to pay off their debt 

  • Bacon’s rebellion - led other poor farmers and indentured servants to fight  natives and then burned the plantations owned by william berkeley the governor 

    • Governor william berkeley did not do anything when natives raided the british people

  • New england colonies were settled by pilgrims in 1620 

    • Puritan settlers also came and they were people who felt restricted by the church of england

    • Economic reasons and religious freedom 

    • Came in family groups 

  • British west indies southern atlantic coast 

    • Tobacco was a primary cash crop → then became sugarcane 

      • Spike in demand for african workers 

      • Majority of population there became black

    • Slave codes termed the black people as chattel 

    • South carolina people there tried to replicate this on the mainland 

  • Middle colonies 

    • Based on serial crops and developed a class ranking of people 

  • All of the colonies became very democratic self government 

  • House of burgesses in virginia

  • Mayflower compact for the pilgrims 

APUSH Review Unit 2 (Period 2: 1607-1754) - Heimler's History [1]

• Themes: European colonization motives/methods in the Americas. [1]

• Spanish Colonization:

• Goal: Extract wealth (cash crops, gold, silver) [1].

• Subjugated natives, conversion to Christianity [1].

• Implemented a cast system based on racial ancestry [1].

• French Colonization:

• Interested in trade (fish, fur) more than conquest [1].

• Few French settlers [2].

• Established trading settlements [2].

• French traders married American Indian women to build kinship/trade ties; fostered alliances and cultural exchange [2].

• Dutch Colonization:

• Economic goals, fur trading [2].

• Established a fur trading center on the Hudson River (present day New York) in 1609 [2].

• Little interest in converting natives to Christianity [2].

• New Amsterdam (1624): trade hub attracting traders, merchants, fishermen, farmers [2].

• British Colonization:

• Motivations: economic opportunities, religious freedom, improved living conditions [3].

• Economic issues in Britain: inflation, enclosure movement [3].

• British Colonial Settlements:

• Chesapeake (Jamestown, 1607):

• Joint stock company-financed (private investors) [3].

• Profit-seeking: gold/silver, military forts [3].

• Early struggles: disease, famine, cannibalism [3].

• Tobacco cultivation (John Rolfe, 1612) led to economic success [4].

• Indentured servants as major labor force [4].

• Land encroachment led to conflict with natives [4].

• Bacon's Rebellion: poor farmers/indentured servants rebelled against Indians and Governor Berkeley [4].

• Planter elites shift towards African slavery [4].

• New England Colonies (1620):

• Pilgrims migrated as families for religious society [4].

• Family economies, farming [5].

• Thriving economy: agriculture, commerce [5].

• British West Indies/Southern Atlantic Coast:

• Established in the 1620s [5].

• Warm climate, year-round growing seasons [5].

• Initial crop: tobacco, then sugarcane [5].

• High demand for African slaves [5].

• Stringent laws to govern black population; enslaved people defined as property [5].

• Carolina colonies copied Caribbean system [5].

• Middle Colonies (New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania):

• Diverse population [5].

• Export economy (cereal crops) [5].

• Growing inequality: wealthy merchants, laborers, enslaved Africans [5].

• Pennsylvania (William Penn): religious freedom, negotiated land with Indians [6].

• Colonial Governance:

• Self-governing structures due to British distance [6].

• Examples: Mayflower Compact, House of Burgesses (Virginia) [6].

• Elite classes dominated representative assemblies [6].

• Atlantic Trade System:

• Triangular trade: New England (rum) -> West Africa (slaves) -> West Indies (sugar cane) [6, 7].

• Mercantilism: fixed wealth, favorable balance of trade (exports > imports) [7].

• Navigation Acts: trade with English colonies on English ships; certain items through British ports [7].

• Generated wealth for elites, thriving urban centers [7].

• Slavery in British Colonies:

• 1700-1808: 3 million enslaved Africans transported [7].

• Every colony participated [7].

• Export economies: tobacco, sugar cane, indigo [7].

• New England: few slaves [8].

• Chesapeake/Southern: many slaves [8].

• Slaves defined as chattel (property) [8].

• Resistance: covert (cultural customs, etc.) and overt (Stono Rebellion, 1739) [8].

• Colonists and American Indians:

• Metacom's War (King Philip's War, 1675): British encroachment on lands led to conflict; Metacom killed [8, 9].

• Colonial Society:

• Enlightenment:

• Emphasized rational thinking over tradition/religion [9].

• Ideas spread through print culture [9].

• Thinkers: John Locke (natural rights), Voltaire, Emmanuel Kant [9].

• Ideas: natural rights, three-branch government, social contract [9].

• Great Awakening:

• Religious revival countering Enlightenment [10].

• New Light clergy emphasized democratic principles of Bible [10].

• Leaders: Jonathan Edwards, George Whitfield [10].

• Return to Christian faith, unifying experience, seeds of American identity [10].

• Anglicanization:

• Becoming more English-like [10].

• Rising frustration with British [10].

• Impressment: seizing colonists for Royal Navy [10, 11].

Colonial SOCIETY and CULTURE [APUSH Review Unit 2 Topic 7 (2.7)] Period 2—1607-1754 - Heimler's History [12]

• Focus: How movement of ideas/people across the Atlantic contributed to American culture [12].

• Enlightenment:

• Emphasized rational thinking over tradition/religious revelation [12].

• Transatlantic print culture spread ideas [12].

• Thinkers: John Locke (natural rights), Rousseau, Voltaire, Emmanuel Kant (three-branch government, social contract) [12].

• Challenged biblical authority, led to Great Awakening [12].

• Great Awakening:

• Religious revival led by "New Light" clergy [12].

• Inspired by German Pietism (emphasized heart over head) [12].

• Leaders: Jonathan Edwards, George Whitfield [12].

• Social consequences: emphasized democratic tendencies in the Bible, resisted wealthy officials [12].

• Led to self-governing structures [12].

• Growing mistrust between colonists and British:

• Impressment: Colonists rioted against it [12].

• Colonists aware of violations to natural rights [12].

Interactions Between AMERICAN INDIANS and EUROPEANS [APUSH Review Unit 2 Topic 5] 2.5 - Heimler's History [13]

• Focus: How and why interactions between American Indians and European nations changed [13].

• Spain:

• Altered society with caste system based on racial ancestry [13].

• Native Americans at bottom [13].

• Santa Fe (New Mexico, 1610): coercive conversion of Pueblo Indians led to Pueblo Revolt [13].

• England:

• No large empires to enslave [13].

• Family groups migrated, less intermarriage [13].

• Initial peaceful coexistence, cultural exchange [13].

• Population growth led to land encroachment, Metacom's War (King Philip's War, 1675) [13].

• Forced out Indian tribes [13].

• France:

• Less invasive, saw natives as trade partners/military allies [13].

• Maintained decent relations, intermarriage for trade rights [13].

• Established trading posts (fur trade) [13].

• Allied with some Indian groups against others [13].

• General:

• Europeans rarely saw natives as equals [13].

• Natives lived in diverse/warring groups, preventing unified resistance [13].

• Indians tried to live with the new reality by allying with some Europeans or migrating [13].

SLAVERY in the British Colonies [APUSH Review Unit 2 Topic 6] Period 2: 1607-1754 - Heimler's History [14-16]

• Focus: Causes and effects of slavery in British colonial regions [14-16].

• All British colonies participated in/benefited from the slave trade [14-16].

• Reasons for increased demand: Increased demand for agricultural goods, shortage of indentured servants [14-16].

• Bacon's Rebellion led to shift from indentured servitude to African slavery [14-16].

• Distribution of enslaved Africans:

• New England: Few slaves [14-16].

• Middle Colonies: Agricultural estates, household servants [14-16].

• Chesapeake/Southern: Many slaves, plantation system [14-16].

• British West Indies: Largest portion of African laborers [14-16].

• Chattel Slavery: Race-based slavery; enslaved people as property [14-16].

• British West Indies influenced slave laws [14-16].

• Harsh slave laws:

• Defined African laborers as chattel [14-16].

• Slavery as a perpetual, generational institution [14-16].

• Laws became harsher over time (e.g., legal right to kill slaves, restrictions on weapons/movement) [14-16].

• Made interracial relationships illegal [14-16].

• Slave Resistance: Covert (cultural customs, beliefs, language, slowing work) and overt (Stono Rebellion, 1739) [14-16].

Trans-Atlantic TRADE [APUSH Unit 2 Topic 4] 2.4 - Heimler's History [17]

• Focus: Causes and effects of transatlantic trade over time [17].

• Transatlantic economy developed in late 17th/early 18th centuries [17].

• Triangular Trade:

• New England (rum) -> West Africa (slaves) -> West Indies (sugar cane) [17].

• Middle Passage: brutal conditions [17].

• Diagram of the ship with enslaved people was a reform image after the British Parliament passed the Slave Trade Act in 1788 to limit the number of enslaved people on ships [17].

• Mercantilism:

• Fixed amount of wealth (gold/silver) [17].

• Favorable balance of trade (exports > imports) [17].

• Colonies for raw materials and markets [17].

• Navigation Acts: trade with English colonies on English ships, certain items through British ports [17].

• Effects:

• Wealth for elites (merchants, investors, plantation owners) [17].

• Thriving urban centers [17].

• Consumer revolution: status based on financial success/lifestyle [17].

Unit 3 notes 

I. French and Indian War (1754-1763) [1]

• Cause: Territorial disputes in the Ohio River Valley between the British and French [2].

• Key People:George Washington: A Lieutenant Colonel in the Virginia militia [3]. Led an early attack on Fort Duquesne [2].

• Benjamin Franklin: Proposed the Albany Plan of Union [4].

• Pontiac: Ottawa leader who led raids against colonists after the war [5].

• Albany Congress (1754): Delegates discussed colonial defense, trade, and westward expansion [6]. Benjamin Franklin introduced the Albany Plan of Union [4].

• Effects:British victory; France ousted from North America [7].

• Proclamation Line of 1763: Forbade colonists from migrating west of the Appalachian Mountains [8].

• Increased British debt led to increased taxes on the colonies [9].

II. Taxation Without Representation

• Salutary Neglect: British policy of relaxed rule in the colonies, ended after the French and Indian War [10, 11].

• British Actions:Sugar Act (1764): Taxed coffee, wine, and other luxury items [12].

• Stamp Act (1765): Tax on all paper items [12].

• Currency Act: Prohibited colonial assemblies from printing their own paper currency [13].

• Townshend Acts (1767): Taxes on imported paper, tea, and glass [14].

• Tea Act: Tax on tea, gave exclusive rights to the British East India Company [15].

• Coercive Acts (1774): (Intolerable Acts) Closed Boston Harbor, enforced Quartering Act [16, 17].

• Colonial Response:Stamp Act Congress (1765): Petitioned Parliament to repeal the Stamp Act [18].

• Sons of Liberty, Daughters of Liberty, Vox Populi: Organized resistance groups [19].

• Boycotts: Refusal to buy British goods [14].

• Boston Massacre (1770): British soldiers killed colonists [20].

• Boston Tea Party (1773): Colonists dumped tea into Boston Harbor [15].

• Key People:John Adams: Defended British soldiers after the Boston Massacre [21].

• Key Concepts:

• Virtual Representation: The British argument that colonists were represented in Parliament [22].

• No Taxation Without Representation: reflected the idea of a social contract with the government and natural rights that could not be violated [23].

III. Philosophical Foundations of the American Revolution

• Enlightenment Ideas:John Locke: Natural rights (life, liberty, and property), government by consent of the governed [24-26].

• Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Social contract between the people and their government [27].

• Baron de Montesquieu: Separation of powers [28].

• Key People:Thomas Paine: Author of Common Sense, which argued for independence [29].

• Events:Stamp Act Congress (1765): Delegates petitioned Parliament [30].

• Continental Congress (1774): Delegates discussed resistance to British tyranny [31].

• Second Continental Congress (1776): Declared independence [32].

• Declaration of Independence (1776): Written by Thomas Jefferson, influenced by Enlightenment ideas [32].

IV. The American Revolution (1775-1783)

• Key People:George Washington: Commander of the Continental Army [33].

• Benjamin Franklin: Persuaded France to ally with the Americans [34].

• General William Howe: British General [35].

• Turning Point: Battle of Saratoga (1777), which led to French alliance [36].

• Key Factors in American Victory:War of attrition [37].

• French aid [38].

• Paris Peace Treaty (1783): Britain recognized American independence [39].

V. Influence of Revolutionary Ideals

• Impact on American Society:Northern states abolished slavery [40].

• Expanded suffrage [41].

• Republican Motherhood: The idea that women should be educated to raise virtuous, republican sons [42].

• Global Impact:Inspired the French Revolution (1789) [43].

• Haitian Revolution (1791): Led by Toussaint L’ouverture, first successful slave revolution [44, 45].

• Latin American Revolutions: Rebellions against Spanish and Portuguese colonizers [46].

VI. Articles of Confederation (Ratified 1781)

• Features:Legislative branch dominant, no executive or national court [47, 48].

• Each state had one vote [48].

• Super-majority (9/13 states) needed for changes [49].

• Accomplishments:Northwest Ordinance of 1787: Abolished slavery in the Northwest Territory, provided a process for statehood [50, 51].

• Weaknesses:Economic problems [52].

• Shays’s Rebellion: Demonstrated the weakness of the government [51, 52].

VII. Constitutional Convention (1787)

• Key Issues:Representation:Virginia Plan: Bicameral legislature based on population [53].

• New Jersey Plan: Unicameral legislature with equal representation [54].

• Great Compromise: Bicameral legislature with House of Representatives based on population and Senate with equal representation [55].

• Slavery:Three-Fifths Compromise: Three-fifths of the enslaved population counted for representation [56].

• Ban on banning the slave trade until 1808 [57].

• Election of Representatives:House of Representatives: Elected directly by the people [57].

• Senate: Elected by state legislatures [57].

• President: Elected by the Electoral College [58].

• Ratification: Needed 9/13 states to agree [59].

• Federalists: Supported the Constitution [59].

• Key People: Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay [60].

• Federalist Papers: Essays arguing for ratification [60].

• Anti-Federalists: Opposed the Constitution [60].

• Wanted a Bill of Rights [61].

VIII. The Constitution

• Key Principles:Federalism: Sharing of power between national and state governments [62, 63].

• Supremacy Clause: National law trumps state law when they conflict [64].

• Enumerated Powers: Powers of Congress listed in Article I, Section 8 [65].

• Tenth Amendment: Powers not delegated to the U.S. are reserved to the states [66].

• Separation of Powers: Division of power among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches [67].

• Checks and Balances: Each branch can limit the power of the others [68].

IX. Shaping a New Republic (Presidencies of Washington and Adams)

• George Washington (1789-1797):Established executive departments (Treasury, War, State, Justice) [69].

• Alexander Hamilton: Secretary of the Treasury, established the National Bank [69, 70].

• Necessary and Proper Clause (Elastic Clause): Used to justify the National Bank [71].

• Proclamation of Neutrality (1793): Declared U.S. neutrality in European wars [72].

• Jay’s Treaty: Resolved issues with Britain, but unpopular [73].

• Pinckney Treaty: Resolved issues with Spain, granted access to the Mississippi River [74, 75].

• Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794): U.S. Army defeated American Indian tribes in the Ohio Valley [76].

• Whiskey Rebellion (1794): Washington suppressed a rebellion against the whiskey tax [77, 78].

• Washington’s Farewell Address: Warned against factions and entangling alliances [79, 80].

• John Adams (1797-1801):XYZ Affair: French officials demanded a bribe from American diplomats [81, 82].

• Alien and Sedition Acts: Restricted immigration and made it illegal to criticize the government [82, 83].

• Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions: Argued that states could nullify federal laws [83, 84].

• Emergence of Political Parties:Federalists: Led by Alexander Hamilton, strong central government [79, 85].

• Democratic-Republicans: Led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, states' rights [79].

Unit 4 notes 

I. Themes and Overview (1800-1848) [1]

• Key Themes:Expanding role of the U.S. in world affairs. [1]

• Transformation of society and economy. [1]

• Growing democratic impulses. [1]

• Context: Continues debates between Democratic-Republicans and Federalists regarding foreign relations and federal power. [1]

II. Foreign Policy & Territorial Expansion [1-10]

• Barbary Pirates:The U.S. had been paying tribute to Barbary States for protection of merchant ships [1].

• Jefferson ceased payments, leading to attacks. [1]

• The U.S. Navy retaliated, eventually negotiating reduced payments. [1, 11]

• Louisiana Purchase (1803):France, under Napoleon, sold the Louisiana Territory to the U.S. for $15 million [11].

• Jefferson initially struggled with the decision due to his strict constructionist views but justified it by arguing it would allow for westward expansion and cut off European influence [11].

• Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804-1806): Explored the territory [12].

• Zebulun Pike: Explored the southern part of the territory in 1806 [12].

• War of 1812:Causes: British impressment of American sailors, British incitement of Indian resistance, and seizure of American merchant ships. [13]

• Federalists opposed the war, leading to the Hartford Convention where secession was discussed [13].

• The war led to a surge in nationalism and the demise of the Federalist Party [14].

• Adams-Onis Treaty (1819):Negotiated by John Quincy Adams. [2]

• Spain sold Florida to the U.S. and defined the southern border. [2, 8]

• Monroe Doctrine (1823):Declared the Western Hemisphere as a U.S. sphere of influence, free from European intervention. [2]

• James Monroe articulated that the lands and nations in the Western Hemisphere were in the U.S's backyard. [9]

III. Politics and Regional Interests [13-24]

• Era of Good Feelings: A period of supposed national unity under the Democratic-Republican Party after the War of 1812 [14].

• Henry Clay's American System:Proposed federal funding for internal improvements, protective tariffs, and a Second Bank of the U.S [14].

• Madison vetoed internal improvements due to concerns about federal power [14].

• Missouri Compromise (1820):Missouri admitted as a slave state, Maine as a free state to maintain balance in the Senate [15, 25, 26].

• The 36°30' line was established as the boundary between free and slave territories [15].

• Election of 1824:Andrew Jackson won the popular vote but lost to John Quincy Adams after Henry Clay supported Adams in the House of Representatives [16, 17].

• Jackson's supporters called this the "corrupt bargain" [17].

• Rise of Political Parties:Democrats: Led by Andrew Jackson, favored limited federal power [16, 17].

• National Republicans/Whigs: Led by Henry Clay, favored a more expansive view of federal power [16, 17].

IV. Federal Power Under Andrew Jackson [17, 27-41]

• Tariff of Abominations (1828) & Nullification Crisis:The tariff raised import duties, benefiting the North but harming the South [17, 30].

• John C. Calhoun, Jackson's vice president, developed the doctrine of nullification [17, 32].

• South Carolina nullified the tariff, leading Jackson to pass the Force Bill [27, 32].

• Bank War:Jackson vetoed the re-chartering of the Second Bank of the U.S., viewing it as a tool of the elite [27, 34, 35].

• Indian Removal Act (1830):Forced relocation of Cherokee and other tribes west of the Mississippi River [27, 38].

• Worcester v. Georgia (1832): The Supreme Court ruled in favor of the Cherokee, but Jackson ignored the ruling [28, 39].

• The Trail of Tears: The forced removal of Cherokee Indians to the West [28, 40].

V. Market Revolution [2, 42-58]

• Definition: The linking of Northern industries with Western and Southern farms, driven by advances in agriculture, industry, communication, and transportation [2, 46].

• Key Inventions & Developments:Cotton gin: Revolutionized Southern agriculture by speeding up cotton processing [2, 42, 54].

• Interchangeable parts: Led to mass production and the factory system [42, 52, 53].

• Steamboats: Improved trade by enabling upriver travel [42, 50].

• Canals (e.g., Erie Canal): Facilitated trade and transportation [42, 49].

• Railroads: Replaced canals as the primary mode of transportation [42, 51].

• Impact:Growth of western agriculture [42].

• Rise of industrial cities in the North [43].

VI. Social Changes & Reform Movements [28, 43, 45, 59-77]

• Immigration:Large-scale immigration from Germany and Ireland [43, 78].

• Immigrants settled in cities, forming a laboring poor class [43, 79].

• Nativism: Anti-immigrant sentiment [80, 81].

• Rise of the Middle Class:Growth of a middle class in the North, including businessmen, shopkeepers, and professionals [43, 81].

• The Middle Class had disposable income for leisure activities [43, 82].

• Cult of Domesticity:The idea that women's roles revolved around childbearing and homemaking [43, 82, 83].

• Second Great Awakening:Religious revivals that emphasized personal restraint and moral rectitude [59, 84-86].

• Charles Finney: A key preacher who emphasized the moral reformation of society [60, 87].

• Reform Movements:Temperance: Aimed to reduce alcohol consumption [60, 67-69, 88].

• Abolitionism: The movement to end slavery [61, 70, 71].

• William Lloyd Garrison: Published The Liberator and founded the American Anti-Slavery Society [61, 71, 72].

• Frederick Douglass: An escaped slave and abolitionist orator [73].

• Women's Rights:Seneca Falls Convention (1848): Advocated for women's equality [61, 75].

• Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Lucretia Mott Led the Seneca Falls Convention and drafted the Declaration of Sentiments [75, 76].

• Utopian Communities:Examples include the Oneida Community, which practiced communal living and complex marriage [59, 89, 90].

VII. African Americans in the Early Republic [62, 91-101]

• Slave Culture: Enslaved people maintained cultural practices through names, languages, folk tales, music, and religion [92-94].

• Resistance:Nat Turner's Rebellion (1831): A slave revolt in Virginia that resulted in stricter slave codes [62, 96-98].

• Amistad Mutiny (1839): Enslaved Africans rebelled on a Spanish slave ship [98, 99].

• Increased Restrictions: Southern legislatures made it illegal to free slaves or teach them to read and write [100].

VIII. Development of American Culture [28, 59, 89, 90, 102-111]

• Literature and Language:Noah Webster: Published the American Dictionary of the English Language to standardize American English [28, 107].

• Philosophy:Transcendentalism: Emphasized the power and beauty of nature and human perfectibility [28, 109].

• Ralph Waldo Emerson: Emphasized individualism and self-reliance [59, 109].

• Henry David Thoreau: Lived in nature and wrote Walden [59, 110].

• Art:Hudson River School: Romanticized American landscapes [59, 108].

Unit 5 notes 

I. Manifest Destiny and Westward Expansion

• Definition: The belief that Americans had a God-given right to expand their nation from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean [1, 2].

• Origin: The term was coined by newspaper editor John O’Sullivan in 1845 [3].

• Motivations for Westward Expansion:Access to resources: Desire for mineral and natural resources such as gold in California [2, 4].

• Economic opportunities: Availability of cheap land for homesteading [4, 5].

• Religious refuge: Seeking religious freedom, as exemplified by the Mormons who settled in the Utah Territory [5].

• Key Figures and Events:James K. Polk: A strong believer in Manifest Destiny, he aimed to annex Texas and Oregon [6, 7].

• Texas Annexation:American settlers in Texas revolted against Mexican rule [8, 9].

• Sam Houston led the Texas revolt [9].

• Texas declared independence in 1836 but was not immediately annexed by the U.S. due to the risk of war with Mexico [9, 10].

• Texas was eventually annexed, leading to conflict with Mexico [7, 11].

• Oregon Territory:Both the British and Americans claimed the territory [10, 12].

• The Oregon Territory was divided at the 49th parallel [11].

II. The Mexican-American War (1846-1848)

• Causes:Texas Annexation: Mexico opposed the annexation of Texas by the United States [13, 14].

• Border Dispute: Disagreement over the southern border of Texas. The U.S. claimed the border was the Rio Grande, while Mexico claimed it was the Nueces River [15, 16].

• Expansionist Ambitions: U.S. interest in acquiring California and New Mexico [15].

• Key Figures:James K. Polk: U.S. President who advocated for the annexation of Texas and expansion into Mexican territories [14].

• John Slidell: Sent to Mexico to negotiate the purchase of New Mexico and California [15].

• Zachary Taylor: U.S. General sent to the Rio Grande, leading to a clash with Mexican troops [17].

• Winfield Scott: Led U.S. forces to conquer Mexico City [18].

• Key Events:Conflict at the Rio Grande: Mexican troops attacked U.S. forces, leading to a declaration of war [17].

• Effects:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848):Established the Rio Grande as the southern border of Texas [19].

• Mexican Cession: Mexico ceded California and New Mexico to the U.S. for $15 million [19].

• Wilmot Proviso:Proposed that slavery be prohibited in any territory acquired from Mexico [20].

• It highlighted the growing tensions over slavery [20, 21].

III. Compromises and Failures

• The Compromise of 1850:Proposed by Henry Clay to resolve disputes over slavery in newly acquired territories [22, 23].

• Terms:California admitted as a free state [23].

• Utah and New Mexico territories to decide on slavery via popular sovereignty [23].

• Slave trade banned in Washington D.C [23].

• Stricter Fugitive Slave Law enacted [23].

• Popular Sovereignty: The idea that residents of a territory should decide whether to permit slavery [24].

• Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854):Proposed by Stephen Douglas [25].

• Divided the Nebraska Territory into Kansas and Nebraska [25, 26].

• Allowed popular sovereignty in these territories, effectively repealing the Missouri Compromise of 1820 [26, 27].

• Led to "Bleeding Kansas": Violence between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions [27].

• Dred Scott Decision (1857):Ruled that slaves were not citizens and could not sue in federal court [28].

• Stated that Congress could not prohibit slavery in the territories, invalidating the Missouri Compromise [28, 29].

• Chief Justice Roger Taney delivered the decision [28].

IV. Sectional Conflict and Division

• Regional Differences:North: Economy based on free labor and manufacturing [30].

• South: Economy based on enslaved labor and agriculture [30].

• Immigration and Nativism:Large-scale immigration led to a nativist movement [31, 32].

• Know-Nothing Party: Political party formed around opposition to immigration [33].

• The Free Soil Movement:Opposed the expansion of slavery into new territories [34].

• More concerned with economic competition from slavery than with the morality of slavery [30, 34].

• Abolitionism:Advocated for the abolition of slavery [35].

• Key Figures:William Lloyd Garrison: Published The Liberator [36].

• Harriet Beecher Stowe: Author of Uncle Tom’s Cabin [36].

• Frederick Douglass: Abolitionist orator and former slave [37].

• John Brown: Used violence to combat slavery [38, 39].

• The Underground Railroad: A network of safe houses and routes used by enslaved people to escape to the North [38].

• John Brown's Raid on Harpers Ferry (1859): An attempt to start a slave uprising [39].

V. Road to Civil War

• The Election of 1860:Abraham Lincoln (Republican) ran on a free-soil platform [40].

• Stephen Douglas (Northern Democrat) supported popular sovereignty [40, 41].

• John Breckinridge (Southern Democrat) wanted federal protection of slavery in new territories [41].

• Lincoln won the election without a single electoral vote from southern states [42, 43].

• Secession:Following Lincoln's election, South Carolina seceded from the Union in December 1860 [44].

• Other states followed, forming the Confederate States of America [44, 45].

• Reasons for Secession:Southern states seceded to protect the institution of slavery [46].

• Texas argued against the "equality of all men" [47].

• Mississippi declared its position was "thoroughly identified with the institution of slavery" [48].

VI. Civil War

• Government Policies During the Civil War:Emancipation Proclamation:Issued by Abraham Lincoln in 1862, it declared slaves free in Confederate states [49, 50].

• It did not free slaves in the border states [49, 51].

• It was a military strategy to weaken the Confederacy [52, 53].

• It helped cut off Confederate hopes for European support [52, 54].

• Gettysburg Address:Delivered by Abraham Lincoln in November 1863 [55].

• Framed the Civil War as a struggle to fulfill America's founding ideals of liberty and equality [56, 57].

• Sought to unify the nation around the cause of ending slavery [56].

• Military Conflict:Strengths:South: Strong military leaders and defensive war strategy [58].

• North: Larger population, robust navy, economic advantages, and established central government [59, 60].

• Mobilization: Both sides mobilized their economies for war [60, 61].

• The North saw industrial modernization [61].

• The South struggled financially [61].

• Opposition:The South resisted war taxes due to states' rights principles [62].

• The North faced draft riots, such as the New York City Draft Riots in 1863 [63].

• Key Events:Fort Sumter: Confederate forces fired on Fort Sumter, marking the start of the Civil War [64, 65].

• First Battle of Bull Run: Confederate victory demonstrated that the war would not be short or easy [65, 66].

• Anaconda Plan: Union strategy to blockade Southern ports and control the Mississippi River [67].

• Battle of Vicksburg: Union gained control of the Mississippi River, splitting the Confederacy [68].

• Sherman's March to the Sea: Union General William Tecumseh Sherman devastated the South's infrastructure [68, 69].

• Turning Points:Improved Union leadership under generals like Ulysses S. Grant [70].

• Surrender: Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered to Union General Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Courthouse on April 9, 1865 [69, 71].

VII. Reconstruction (1865-1877)

• Lincoln's Plan:The Ten-Percent Plan aimed for leniency towards the South [72].

• Southern states could reestablish governments if 10% of the 1860 electorate pledged loyalty to the Union [72, 73].

• State legislatures had to ratify the Thirteenth Amendment, which abolished slavery [73].

• Andrew Johnson's Presidency:Andrew Johnson attempted to carry out Lincoln's plan but was more lenient towards the South [74].

• Southern states passed Black Codes, restricting the rights and freedoms of black citizens [75-78].

• Radical Republicans:Advocated for stricter Reconstruction policies and greater rights for black citizens [76, 79].

• Passed legislation such as the extension of the Freedmen's Bureau and the Civil Rights Act of 1866 [79, 80].

• Key Legislation:Freedmen’s Bureau: Helped newly freed black people get on their feet [79].

• Civil Rights Act of 1866: Protected the citizenship of black people and gave them equal protection under the laws [80].

• Fourteenth Amendment: Granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States and guaranteed equal protection under the law [81].

• Reconstruction Acts of 1867: Divided the South into five military districts [82].

• Required Southern states to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment and provide for universal male suffrage [82, 83].

• Fifteenth Amendment: Granted voting rights to black men [84, 85].

• Impeachment of Andrew Johnson:Congress passed the Tenure of Office Act, and Johnson violated it [86].

• Johnson was impeached but not removed from office [86].

• Women’s Rights Movement:Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony formed the National Woman Suffrage Association [85].

• Lucy Stone and Henry Blackwell formed the American Woman Suffrage Association [87].

• Failure of Reconstruction:Southern Society:Black citizens established schools and colleges [88].

• The South remained largely unchanged [89].

• Sharecropping replaced slavery, trapping many black and poor white people in debt [90-93].

• White supremacist groups like the Ku Klux Klan terrorized black communities [93, 94].

• Compromise of 1877:Rutherford B. Hayes became president in exchange for the removal of federal troops from the South [95, 96].

• Democrats regained control of the South [96].