1/31 Class

Test Preparation Overview

• Next Test: Scheduled for Tuesday.

• Practice Sets: Required for Chapters 2 and 4.

• Bonus Points: Bring energy and enzyme notes written in pencil on paper for easy points.

Test Format & Scores

• Test Format: Format details available via email if requested.

• Test Scores: All grades are up to date. Individual scores can be reviewed during class.

  • Tests will be shown next week.

  • Lab sessions are good opportunities to review past tests.

Tissues Overview

• Tissues in Lab: Focus on identifying types of tissues and their features.

• General Features: Tissues might look varied in pictures; focus on general features rather than exact appearances.

• Key Focus Areas: Be able to recognize major tissue types under a microscope.

Connective Tissues

Definition & Features

• Connective Tissues: Originate from mesenchyme; all share common features.

• Structure: Comprised of cells in a matrix containing proteins and water.

• Types: Includes loose and dense connective tissues.

Loose Connective Tissues

• Areolar:

  • Composed of collagen and elastic fibers.

  • Found surrounding organs, providing strength and flexibility.

  • Functions to cushion organs and allow movement.

• Adipose:

  • Contains adipocytes (fat cells).

  • Primarily serves as energy storage.

  • Protects body organs.

• Reticular:

  • Contains reticular fibers that allow fluid movement.

  • Located in lymph nodes and spleen to filter pathogens.

Dense Connective Tissues

• Dense Regular:

  • Parallel fiber arrangement for strength in one direction (e.g. tendons, ligaments).

• Dense Irregular:

  • Random fiber arrangement providing strength in multiple directions.

  • Found in skin and joint capsules.

• Elastic Connective Tissue:

  • Contains elastic fibers allowing for stretch and recoil (e.g. arteries).

Cartilage

General Information

• Role: Provides support with flexibility; found in joints and transitional areas.

• Types of Cartilage:

  • Hyaline:

    • Most common, provides cushioning in joints; glassy appearance.

  • Fibrocartilage:

    • Stronger, contains a lot of collagen; found in intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis.

  • Elastic Cartilage:

    • Contains elastic fibers; found in flexible structures like the ear.

Bone Structure & Function

• Calcium Salts: Provide hardness.

• Collagen: Allows some flexibility and strength.

• Types of Bone Cells:

  • Osteoblasts: Build bone.

  • Osteocytes: Maintain bone.

• Blood Supply: Bone has a good blood supply which facilitates healing.

Muscle Tissues

Types of Muscle

• Skeletal Muscle:

  • Voluntary, striated, multi-nucleated; contracts to move bones.

• Cardiac Muscle:

  • Involuntary, found in heart; has intercalated discs for communication.

• Smooth Muscle:

  • Involuntary, found in hollow organs; allows organs to change shape and size.

Nervous Tissue

• Components: Neurons (nerve cells) and neuroglia (supporting cells).

• Location: Brain, spinal cord, and nerves; essential for transmitting signals.

• Function: Allows communication between different body parts for coordination and response.