3.01

Words

Notes

• Reflexive Verbs—Something you do to yourself, infinitive ends in -se

  • Romperse

    Reflexive Pronoun	Romperse
    Me	Rompo
    Te	Rompes
    Se	Rompe
    Nos	Rompemos
    Os	Rompéis
    Se	Rompen

  • Tropezarse

    • e → ie stem change

      • Stem changes do not apply to nosotros and vosotros

      Reflexive Pronoun	Tropezarse
      Me	Tropiezo
      Te	Tropiezas
      Se	Tropieza
      Nos	Tropezamos
      Os	Tropezáis
      Se	Tropiezan

  • Caerse

    • Yo-go verb

    • e → i stem change in the yo form

      Reflexive Pronoun	Caerse
      Me	Caigo
      Te	Caes
      Se	Cae
      Nos	Caemos
      Os	Caéis
      Se	Caen

• To show what hurts, use the formula: Me duele + body part that hurts

  • Ending of doler does not change because of the subject (who is in pain), it changes based on the body part that hurts

    • If one body part hurts (singular) then doler is used as duele

    • If two or more body parts hurt (plural) then doler is used as duelen

  • Ex: Me duele la rodilla. (My knee hurts me.)

  • Ex: Me duelen los ojos. (My eyes hurt.)

• Preterite tense

  • Used to talk about something that happened in the past

    • An action (not a thought or description)

    • Something that occurred at an exact moment in the past (can be pinpointed)

    • Something that began and was totally completed in the past (not ongoing)

  • Steps:

    • Start with an infinitive and drop the ending

    • Use the ending chart for preterite regular verbs

      Subject Pronoun	-ar	-er or -ir
      Yo	-é	-í
      tú	-aste	-iste
      él/ella/usted	-ó	-ió
      Nosotros/Nosotras	-amos	-imos
      Vosotros/Vosotras	-asteis	-isteis
      Ellos/ellas/ustedes	-aron	-ieron

  • Examples:

    • Action sentence: Me rompí el brazo. (I broke my arm.)

    • Action completed at an exact moment in the past: Me caí ayer a las tres y media de la tarde. (I fell yesterday at 3:30 p.m.)

    • Action completed in the past and not ongoing: La doctora examinó el corazón el viernes pasado. (The doctor examined my heart last Friday.)

3.02

Words

Notes

• Formal Commands

  • Used to be polite and show respect

  • Formal Command Endings:

    -ar	-er	-ir
    -e	-a	-a

  • Informal (tú) vs. Formal (usted) Commands Examples using Esperar

    Command	Spanish	English
    tú affirmative	Espera en la oficina del doctor.	Wait at the doctor’s office.
    usted affirmative	Espere en la oficina del doctor.	Wait at the doctor’s office.
    tú negative	No esperes en la oficina del doctor.	Don't wait at the doctor’s office.
    usted negative	No espere en la oficina del doctor.	Don't wait at the doctor’s office.

• Irregular endings for formal commands

  • Tocar —> Toque

  • Llegar —> Llegue

  • Cruzar —> Cruce

  • Recoger —> Recoja

3.03

Words

Notes

• Cognates: Me siento

  • I feel

  • I sit

• Plural affirmative and negative formal commands

  • Singular vs Plural Formal Commands

    Singular	Coma la manzana	Eat the apple
    Plural	Coman las manzanas	Eat the apples
    Singular	Beba agua	Drink water
    Plural	Beban agua	Drink water

  • Plural formal command endings are based on the verb ending

    -ar	-er	-ir
    -en	-an	-an

• How to use plural formal commands

  • Put the infinitive verb in the yo form

  • Drop the o

    • Add -en for -ar verbs

    • Add -an for -er and -ir verbs

  • Spelled changes in the formal command form

    • Tocar—>Toquen

    • Llegar—>Lleguen

    • Cruzar—>Crucen

    • Recoger—>Recojan

3.06

Words

Notes

• When talking about the past you use the preterite tense

• To use the preterite tense:

  • Start with the infinitive then drop the -ar, -er, or -ir ending

  • Add the ending depending on the subject and original ending

    Pronoun	-ar	-er	-er
    Yo	-é	-í	-í
    Tú	-aste	-iste	-iste
    él/ella/usted	-ó	-ió	-ió
    Nosotros/as	-amos	-imos	-imos
    Vosotros/as	-asteis	-isteis	-isteis
    Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes	-aron	-ieron	-ieron

• Exception to preterite tense:

  • Leer

    • él/ella/usted ending is -yó

    • ellos/ellas/ustedes ending is -yeron

    • Other conjugations leer gets an accent over i

3.07

Words

Notes

• Formal Commands

  • Use formal commands when someone is older or you don’t know them

    Verb Ending	Singular (Usted)	Plural (Ustedes)
    -ar	Lave	Laven
    -er & -ir	Escriba	Escriban

  • Add the word no in front of the verb to tell someone not to do something

• Verbs in the preterite tense

  • Regular endings

    Subject pronoun	-ar	-er	-ir
    Yo	-é	-í	-í
    Tú	-aste	-iste	-iste
    él/ella/usted	-ó	-ió	-ió
    Nosotros/nosotras	-amos	-imos	-imos
    Vosotros/Vosotras	-asteis	-isteis	-isteis
    Ellos/ellas/ustedes	-aron	-ieron	-ieron

• Irregular verbs in the preterite tense

  • Ser

    Subject Pronoun	Ser (to be)
    You	Fui
    Tú	Fuiste
    él/ella/usted	Fue
    Nosotros/Nosotras	Fuimos
    Vosotros/Vosotras	Fuisteis
    Ellos/ellas/ustedes	Fueron

  • Estar (a → uv)

    Subject Pronoun	Estar (To be)
    You	Estuve
    Tú	Estuviste
    él/ella/usted	Estuvo
    Nosotros/Nosotras	Estuvimos
    Vosotros/Vosotras	Estuvisteis
    Ellos/ellas/ustedes	Estuvieron

  • Tener (a → uv)

    Subject Pronoun	Tener (To have)
    You	Tuve
    Tú	Tuviste
    él/ella/usted	Tuvo
    Nosotros/Nosotras	Tuvimos
    Vosotros/Vosotras	Tuvisteis
    Ellos/ellas/ustedes	Tuvieron

  • Hacer

    Subject Pronoun	Hacer (To do; to make)
    You	Hice
    Tú	Hiciste
    él/ella/usted	Hizo
    Nosotros/Nosotras	Hicimos
    Vosotros/Vosotras	Hisisteis
    Ellos/ellas/ustedes	Hicieron

  • Ir

    Subject Pronoun	Ir (To go)
    You	Fui
    Tú	Fuiste
    él/ella/usted	Fue
    Nosotros/Nosotras	Fuimos
    Vosotros/Vosotras	Fuisteis
    Ellos/ellas/ustedes	Fueron

    • Context clues are use to tell the difference between the preterite form of ir and ser

  • Verbs ending with -car, -gar, and -zar have changes in the yo form

    • -car → qu

    • -gar → gu

    • -zar → c

    • Examples:

      • Buscar un pasatiempo (Find a pastime.) → Busqué un pasatiempo. (I found a pastime.)

      • Jugar al baloncesto para mantenerme en forma. (Play basketball to stay in shape.) → Jugué al baloncesto para mantenerme en forma. (I played basketball to stay in shape.)

      • Comenzar la alimentación saludable. (Start healthy eating.) → Comencé la alimentación saludable. (I started healthy eating.)