unit 1 review

Chapter 19: Natural Selection

• Learning Objectives:

  • Hardy-Weinberg Problems

    • Will provide equations to solve problems.

  • Understand Hardy-Weinberg (HW) Equilibrium:

    • Know the significance and conditions needed for a population to be in HW equilibrium.

  • Gene Drift:

    • Founder Effect: Occurs when a small group of individuals establishes a new population.

    • Bottleneck Effect: A drastic reduction in population size reduces genetic diversity.

  • Gene Flow:

    • Movement of alleles between populations through migration of individuals.

    • Important distinction from Genetic Drift.

  • Types of Natural Selection:

    • Directional Selection: Favors one extreme phenotype.

    • Stabilizing Selection: Favors intermediate phenotypes.

    • Diversifying Selection: Favors both extremes of a phenotype.

  • Important Video: Rewatch the Rock Pocket Mouse video for related FRQ on the exam.

Chapter 20: Phylogenies

• Learning Objectives:

  • Phylogenetic Tree Structure:

    • Understand the components of phylogenetic trees.

  • Clade Identification:

    • Be able to identify and explain what constitutes a clade.

  • Utility of Phylogenies:

    • Discuss the importance of phylogenies in understanding evolutionary relationships.

  • Common Ancestry:

    • Identify the most recent common ancestor within a clade.

  • Related Organisms:

    • Accurately identify organisms that are most closely related based on the tree.

  • Example:

    • A cladogram showing a common ancestor for vertebrates, with the lancelet being the OUTGROUP due to the absence of vertebrae. Turtles and leopards share a common ancestor.

Chapter 45: Ecology

• Learning Objectives:

  • Population Description:

    • Be able to describe a population for FRQ.

  • Population Size Determination:

    • Methods include quadrat sampling and the mark and release technique.

  • Population Size vs. Density:

    • Understand the distinction between the two concepts.

  • Survivorship Curves:

    • Types I, II, III - know characteristics for the FRQ.

  • K and R-selected Species:

    • Understanding the traits of each type and examples:

      • K-selected Characteristics:

        • Mature late, greater longevity, increased parental care, increased competition, fewer/larger offspring.

      • R-selected Characteristics:

        • Mature early, lower longevity, decreased parental care, decreased competition, more/smaller offspring.

  • Population Growth Models:

    • Differences between exponential and logistical growth; be able to provide examples.

  • Types of Symbiotic Relationships:

    • Recognize commensalism, mutualism, parasitism.

  • Age Structure Diagrams:

    • Important to understand for FRQ.

  • Predator-Prey Interactions:

    • Concepts to discuss in FRQ.

  • Competitive Exclusion Principle:

    • Understand the principle and its implications for species interactions.

  • China’s One Child Policy:

    • Be prepared to discuss its implications (Bonus HW question).