Untitled Flashcards Set

476. Allied Powers – The coalition of nations, including France, Britain, Russia, Italy, and later the United States, that fought against the Central Powers during World War I.

477. Central Powers – The alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria that fought against the Allied Powers in World War I.

478. HMS Lusitania – A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-boat in 1915, killing 1,198 people, including 128 Americans. This event increased tensions between the U.S. and Germany.

479. Sussex Pledge – A promise made by Germany in 1916 to the U.S. that it would not sink merchant ships without warning, following the attack on the French ship Sussex.

480. Zimmerman Telegram – A secret communication sent in 1917 from Germany to Mexico, proposing an alliance against the U.S. in exchange for the return of lost territories (Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico). Its interception helped push the U.S. into World War I.

481. Russian/Bolshevik Revolution, 1917 – A political revolution in Russia that led to the overthrow of the Tsar and the rise of the Bolsheviks, who established a communist government and withdrew Russia from World War I.

482. War Industries Board – A U.S. government agency created during World War I to coordinate industrial production and supply materials for the war effort.

483. Espionage and Sedition Acts – Laws passed in 1917 and 1918 that restricted free speech by making it illegal to interfere with military operations, the draft, or criticize the government during wartime.

484. Schenck v. United States – A 1919 Supreme Court case that upheld the Espionage Act, ruling that speech creating a "clear and present danger" (such as encouraging draft resistance) was not protected by the First Amendment.

485. Selective Service Act, 1917 – A law that established a military draft in the U.S. during World War I, requiring men between 21 and 30 (later expanded to 18-45) to register for potential conscription.

486. American Expeditionary Force (AEF) – The U.S. armed forces sent to Europe during World War I, led by General John J. Pershing, to fight alongside the Allies.

487. Fourteen Points – A set of principles proposed by President Woodrow Wilson in 1918 for postwar peace, including self-determination, free trade, and the formation of a League of Nations.

488. Treaty of Versailles – The 1919 peace treaty that officially ended World War I, imposing heavy reparations on Germany, redrawing European borders, and establishing the League of Nations.

489. League of Nations – An international organization created after World War I to promote peace and cooperation among nations, though it was weakened by the U.S.'s decision not to join.

490. Great Migration – The large-scale movement of African Americans from the rural South to northern cities between 1916 and 1970, driven by job opportunities and escape from racial discrimination.

491. Red Scare – A period of intense fear of communism and radical leftist ideas in the U.S. following World War I, leading to government crackdowns on suspected radicals.

492. Palmer Raids – A series of government raids in 1919-1920 led by Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer to arrest suspected anarchists, communists, and radicals during the Red Scare.

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