Modern World History Level 1: Midterm Exam Review Sheet

oioUnit 1 Part I: The Age of Reason (Enlightenment, Scientific Revolution, Industrial Revolution) (Look

at guided reading questions and textbook)

The Black Plague: Very Beginning of Class Notes

1. The Bubonic Plague:

●

Reached Europe from Asia in 1347

○

First arrived in Sicily (Southern Italy) in 1347

●

Brought by Rutson Trade Ships

○

Fleas were on rats that were on the ships

2. The effects of the plague:

●

●

●

●

The population decreased by 30-50%

Land values increased

People were persecuted due to their religion

People lost their faith

Modern World History Level 1: Midterm Exam Review Sheet

Renaissance: P. 48-77 & Class notes

3. Renaissance:

●

●

●

Started in Italy in the 14th century

Italian city-states were exposed to new ideas, and other luxuries from around the world

Caused new interests in cultural and intellectual achievements

4. Humanism:

●

Focused on the classics (poetry, grammar, architecture, history, philosophy, arts, sciences, etc.)

●

To make a “well-rounded” person

5. William Shakespeare:

●

Wrote numerous plays

●

Wrote during the end of the 16th century and beginning of the 17th century

6. Johann Gutenberg:

●

Invented the printing press in 1457

7. Michelangelo:

●

Italian painter, architect, engineer, and poet

8. Petrarch:

●

●

●

An author

Wrote “Canzonieri”

Wrote in Vernacular (Common English)

9. Dante Alighieri:

●

An author

●

Wrote “The Divine Comedy

”

●

Wrote in Vernacular (Common English)

10. Giovanni Boccaccio:

●

An author

●

Wrote “The Decameron”

●

Wrote in Vernacular (Common English)

Modern World History Level 1: Midterm Exam Review Sheet

The Protestant Reformation: P. 48-77 Class Notes

11. Catholic Church Corruption/Absenteeism/Pluralism/Indulgences:

●

The Catholic church would have citizens pay a fee and would get an indulgence

○

They would “buy

” their way out of sins

12. Martin Luther:

●

German priest

●

Displeased with the conduct of the church

●

Listed the displeasures of the practices of the church

●

Banned from the church

●

Published 95 Theses in 1597

○

Listed hid displeases with the practices of the church

13. The Inquisition:

●

A church court

●

Charges people with crimes against the church

○

Usually heresy

14. Diet of Worms:

●

Banned Martin Luther from the Holy Roman Empire

15. Peasants’ Revolt:

●

Revolted because of the Reformation

●

Happened in 1524

16. Peace of Augsburg:

●

Settled the Protestant Reformation

17. Henry VIII & The English Reformation:

●

Henry VIII caused the English Reformation by creating a new church

○

He wanted to marry another wife, but he could not because he had a kid

18. Elizabethan Settlement:

●

●

●

●

Happened because Henry VIII wanted an annulment and the Pope wouldn't allow it

Happened during Queen Elizabeth I (1588-1603)

Created peace by balancing the Catholic and Protestant beliefs

Made the “Church of England” the official church

19. John Calvin:

●

Wrote a book on how to “properly

” run a Protestant church

●

Preached “predestination”

○

The idea that God had determined a long time ago who was saved

Modern World History Level 1: Midterm Exam Review Sheet

Scientific Revolution: P. 48-77 See Unit 1 Guided Reading Questions

20. Nicolaus Copernicus:

●

Came up with the theory of the earth spinning earth

around the sun, instead of the sun spinning around the

21. Galileo Galilei:

●

Provided evidence for the theory that planets revolve around the earth

●

Charged with spreading “false” information in 1633

22. Johannes Kepler:

●

●

Used Brahe’s data to calculate the orbit of the planets revolving around the sun

Found that the planets don't move in a perfect circle but instead in an oval-like shape called an “Ellipse”

23. Francis Bacon:

●

Created the scientific method

24. Rene Descartes:

●

Developed a new philosophy of human reasoning

25. Isaac Newton:

●

Made a theory on why planets move as they do

○

Found out it was due to gravity

●

Invented calculus

26. Andreas Vesalius:

●

●

Published the first accurate theory on human anatomy

Would conduct illegal autopsies to conduct his theory

27. William Harvey:

●

Discovered the function of the heart

●

Discovered how blood circulated the body

28. Robert Boyle:

●

●

Refined the view of how chemicals were thought of by alchemists

Found that chemicals are all made up of tiny particles

Modern World History Level 1: Midterm Exam Review Sheet

The Enlightenment: Unit 1 Guided Reading Questions P. 182-193 and Chart on Beliefs of Philosophers

completed in class

29. John Locke:

●

All people are equal

●

People agree to form a government to protect their life, liberty, and property

●

Governments gain their power from the people

30. Jean-Jacques Rousseau:

●

●

●

Wants a direct democracy

Governments should make their decisions based on the general will (people)

People receive protection because of the social contract

31. Baron de Montesquieu:

●

●

●

●

People choose the legislature

The legislative branch should be run by multiple people

The executive branch should be run by one person

The different branches should check each other

32. Thomas Hobbes:

●

●

●

●

People are nasty and brutish

The state of nature is a danger

People give the right to govern themselves when they leave the state of nature

Believes in an absolute monarchy

33. Voltaire:

●

●

Everyone should tolerate each other because we all all brothers and sisters under Christ

No one person is better than another

34. Adam Smith:

●

Scottish economist and philosopher

●

“Father of Economics”

35. Mary Wollstonecraft:

●

●

●

Advocated for women’s rights

Known for her book “Vindication of the Rights of Woman”

Her ideas helped shape early feminists

36. Social Contract:

●

How the human population is without government

37. Sovereign:

●

A state that has a supreme power

38. Natural Rights:

●

Life, liberty, and property

39. Separation of Powers:

●

When the powers of government are separated

40. Direct Democracy:

●

People vote directly for a government

41. Republic:

●

●

People vote for representatives

○

Then the representatives vote for the government

Constitutional governments

Modern World History Level 1: Midterm Exam Review Sheet

The Enlightenment: (Contd.)

42. Complete the following chart:

Enlightened Despot Changes and Reforms enacted during the

Enlightenment

a. Frederick II Took very strict control of Prussia

b. Catherine the

Great

Exchanged letters with Voltaire and Diderot about the ideas of

liberty and equality

c. Joseph II Was an eager student of the Enlightenment but had to keep it

secret because he was the king of an absolute monarchy

Modern World History Level 1: Midterm Exam Review Sheet

Unit 1: Age of Absolute Monarchs: Class Notes and Aspects of Absolute Monarchy Assignments

43. Absolute Monarchy (5 aspects):

●

●

●

Uses armies to expand or consolidate borders under the ruler's control

Controls religious authorities

Circumvents, ignores, or uses assemblies to approve or rubber-stamp (“fake approval”) the ruler's

initiatives

●

●

Makes laws & Dispenses Justices

Limits or controls the power of nobles

44. Louis XIV/Sun King:

●

●

●

Ruled for 72 years; the longest in Europe

Built the Palace of Versailles

Believed in absolute power

45. Philip II of Spain:

●

Became king in 1527

○

Wanted to defeat the rise of Protestantism in Spain

■ Oversaw the Catholic preformation

○

○

Established Spain as a primary military source in the Mediterranean

Conquered much of the America’s

■ Made Spain very wealthy

46. James I:

●

●

●

King of England and Scotland

Started the “Stuart Dynasty

”

Sponsored the King James Bible

47. Charles I:

●

●

●

●

King of England, Scotland, and Ireland

Believed in absolute monarchy

His actions led to the English Civil War

Defeated by Parliament forces

○

Led by Oliver Cromwell

48. The English Civil War/Cavaliers & Roundheads:

●

Conflict between King Charles I (Cavaliers) and Parliament (Roundheads)

○

Cavaliers:

■ Supported the king

■ Favored monarchy and the Chruch of England

○

Roundheads

■ Back Parliament

■ Wanted limits on royal power

■ Wanted more religious freedom

■ Called roundheads because of their bad haircuts

●

Roundheads won

○

This led to Charles I’s execution and a temporary abolition of the monarchy

49. Oliver Cromwell:

●

English military and political leader

●

Led the Roundheads to victory in the English Civil War

●

Governed England as “Lord Protector” for a short time

50. The Commonwealth:

●

The period after King Charles I’s execution

●

England ruled without a monarch

○

Oliver Cromwell governed England as “Lord Protector” for a short time

●

Ban of entertainment like theater and festivities

●

Ended in 1660 with the death of Oliver Cromwell

Modern World History Level 1: Midterm Exam Review Sheet

Unit 1: Age of Absolute Monarchs: Class Notes and Aspects of Absolute Monarchy Assignments:

(Contd.)

51. Stuart Dynasty (Includes James I, Charles I, and James II):

●

Parliament was established in 1215

●

Started under James I in 1603

○

Tried to become an absolute monarch

■ Puritans were persecuted

■ Parliament was dissolved

●

●

Charles I

○

○

○

James II

○

○

Tried to continue his father’s ways

Executed during the English Civil War

Son of James II

Overthrown in the Glorious Revolution

English Bill of Rights was established

■ Limited monarchy

52. Glorious Revolution:

●

Overthrew of King James II of England

○

Caused by James’s Catholicism

●

Established constitutional monarchy

○

Limiting total power and strengthening Parliament

●

This led to the English Bill of Rights

53. English Bill of Rights:

●

Limits the power of the English monarchy and enhances the Parliament’s authority

●

Signed by William III and Mary II after the Glorious Revolution

●

Key Provisions:

○

A monarch can't rule without the Parliament’s consent

○

Free elections

○

No cruel or unusual punishments

○

Right to petition the monarch

Modern World History Level 1: Midterm Exam Review Sheet

Group of workers that get together to have their job, pay, working conditions, etc. protected

The Industrial Revolution 246-265, Study web quest on Google Classroom and Guided Reading

questions for Unit 1

54. The Industrial Revolution (causes & effects):

●

Changed society from mostly agricultural to factory productions

●

Started around the late 1700s in England

●

People would work long and hard hours

●

Child labor was increased

●

Farming improved

55. Factory System:

●

Brought workers and machines together in one place

●

New sources of power are used

●

Steel, iron, and coal became very important and useful

56. Domestic System:

●

Manufacturing is done at home

57. Trade Unions:

●

58. Bourgeoisie:

●

The rich

●

Pitted against the poor

59. Karl Marx:

●

●

Viewed imperialism as a tool to exploit capitalism

Believed that nations only wanted money; not a better life for the citizens

60. Proletariat:

●

The working class

●

Pitted against the rich

61. Communism:

●

●

When the government is led by a small elite group of people

Control all economic and political activity

62. Friedrich Engels:

●

Co-writer of the communist manifesto with Marx

63. Steam Engine:

●

Invented by James Watt in the late 1600s to early 1700s

64. Division of Labor:

●

Each person does a small part of a big job

65. Industrial Middle Class:

●

Factory workers usually lived in poverty

Modern World History Level 1: Midterm Exam Review Sheet

Unit 2: The Age of Revolutions P. 271-288, Also study your Unit 2 Guided Reading Questions on Google

Classroom, class notes and 3 Estates Diagram on the French Revolution of 1789, and Napoleon T-Chart

done in class and notes from different infographic projects on the different revolutions.

Revolutions and Political Figures in the 18th-19th Centuries:

66. Simon Bolivar:

●

Led independence movements in South America

●

Helped liberate countries like Venezuela, Columbia, and Ecuador

67. Gran Colombia Independence:

●

●

●

●

A series of wars throughout South America to gain independence from Spain

Due to a lack of political and social rights

Gained independence in 1824

Split into 5 different nations

68. Dom Pedro:

●

●

First Emperor of Brazil after its independence from Portugal in 1822

Wanted Brazilian sovereignty and a constitutional monarchy

69. Brazil Independence :

●

●

●

Peaceful revolution to proclaim Brazil independent from Portugal

Due to Napolean’s invasion of Spain in 1808

Brazil gained independence

70. Miguel Hidalgo:

●

Led Native Americans to revolt against Spain

●

Leader of Mexico’s revolution

71. Agustin de Iturbide:

●

●

Royalist who switched sides of the battle when he realized who would win

Won Mexicos independence

72. Grito de Dolores:

●

●

Speech given by Miguel Hidalgo to Native Americans in 1810

Mentioned the injustices of the government and legal system

73. Mexico Independence:

●

●

●

Native Americans fought the Spanish government in New Spain for independence

Due to social and political rights

Gained independence in 1821

74. William I:

●

King of Prussia and first German Emperor (1871)

75. Leopold I of Belgium:

●

King of Belgium (1831) after its independence from the Netherlands

76. Charles X:

●

●

●

King of France (1824-1830)

Favored absolute monarchy

Fled due to the French Revolution of 1830

77. Louis Philippe:

●

Replaced Chares X

●

Known as the “Citizen King” because he dressed and acted like a middle class citizen

●

Secretly favored the wealthy

●

Refused working-class citizens more voting rights

Modern World History Level 1: Midterm Exam Review Sheet

Revolutions and Political Figures in the 18th-19th Centuries: (Contd.)

78. Louis Napoleon:

●

Elected president of France in 1848

●

Declared himself Emperor Napoleon III in 1852

●

Abolished the constitution

79. Constitutional Monarchy:

●

A King or Queen is the official head of state but their power is limited by a constitution

80. Nicholas I:

●

●

Russian Emperor

Wanted the Polish armies for his own use

81. Piotr Wysocki:

●

Led the Polish revolution

●

Advocated for Polish independence

82. Frederick William IV:

●

King of Prussia

●

Refused to unify Germany because he didn’t want the people to gain power

83. Franz Joseph of Austria:

●

Austrian Emperor

84. Louis Kossuth:

●

Hungarian nationalist and journalist

●

Wanted a democratic system

85. French Estates System:

●

1st Estate:

○

The Clergy

○

1% of the population

○

Owned 10% of the land

○

Tax-exempt

●

2nd Estate:

○

The Nobility

○

2% of the population

○

Owned 25% of the land

○

Tax-exempt

●

3rd Estate:

○

The Peasants/Workers

○

97% of the population

○

Owned 65% of the land

○

Paid all of the taxes

86. Maximilien Robespierre:

●

Led the Reign of Terror

●

Advocated for radical reforms

●

Executed in 1794

87. Bastille Day:

●

July 14th, 1789

●

The day the Bastille was stormed

●

Stormed by Paris citizens

●

Paris fell from the king’s power

●

The first French Revolution

Modern World History Level 1: Midterm Exam Review Sheet

Revolutions and Political Figures in the 18th-19th Centuries: (Contd.)

88. Jacobins:

●

●

Radical political group during the French Revolution

Initiated the Reign of Terror

89. Reign of Terror:

●

Period of mass executions during the French Revolution (1793-1794)

●

Led by Robespierre

90. Toussaint L’Ouverture:

●

●

Self-educated slave

Led the Haitian Revolution

91. Saint Domingue:

●

●

Modern-day Haiti

French worked 500,000 slaves on sugar farms

92. Sugarcane:

●

A major crop in the Caribbean

●

Extremely profitable

93. Napoleon Bonaparte:

●

●

●

●

Overthrew the French Revolutionary government in 1799

Emperor of France

Led the Napoleonic Wars

Expanded French territory

94. Napoleonic Code:

●

Napoleans new laws

○

○

All male citizens could vote

Women lacked individual rights

95. Louis XVI:

●

King of France during the French Revolution

●

Executed in 1793 for treason

●

Summoned the Estates-General but didn’t call for any reforms

96. Absolute Monarchy:

●

A government when a King or Queen has all of the power

97. Versailles:

●

The palace built by Louis XIV

●

Symbol of royal power

●

Used to keep nobility close by

Modern World History Level 1: Midterm Exam Review Sheet

The New Imperialism-Exploration: Class Notes

98. Mungo Park:

●

Explored the Niger River

●

Wanted to find the city of Timbuktoo

●

He journaled about his findings

○

The journal became very popular in England

99. Burton and Speke:

●

Explored East Africa in search of the source of the Nile River

100.

“The Dark Continent”:

●

Nickname for Africa because so little was known about it

101. David Livingstone:

●

●

Explorer who sought to end the slave trade

Mapped many parts of Africa

102. Henry Stanley:

●

Helped King Leopld II establish control over the Congo

Modern World History Level 1: Midterm Exam Review Sheet

Imperialism in Africa, The Middle East, and Asia: P. 388-391, 400-404 See Unit 3 Guided Reading

Questions and Class activities on India, China, and Africa, and Class notes

103. Nationalism:

●

Pride and loyalty to ones country

●

Lead to many indepencee movements

●

Inspired colonized nations to resist imperial rule

104. Imperialism:

●

●

Domination by a country, to gain control over for foreign lands

Driven by economic, political, and social motives

105. Raw Materials/Natural Resources:

●

●

A major factor of Imperialism

Resources like rubber, ivory, opium, cotton, etc.

106. Missionaries:

●

Spread Christianity to to colonies

107. Social Darwinism:

●

●

The belief that some races (ussully European) are superior to others

Thought to beacasue they and more advanced

108. British South Africa Company:

●

●

●

Colonized Southen Africa

Exploted Southern Africa for resources

Established by Cecil Rhodes

109. Cecil Rhodes:

●

●

British imperialist

Founded the British South Africa Company

110. King Lobengula:

●

●

Ndebele king that was tricked into signing land over to Cecil Rhodes

Lost Matabeleland to British forces

111. The Rudd Consession:

●

Treaty giving British exclusive mining rights to in Matabeleland

●

Its wording made it very vague and favored the British

Charles Rudd, James Maguire, and Francis Thompson:

●

●

Negotiated with King Lobengula on behalf of Cecil Rhodes

Gained mining rights in Matabeleland

113. Matabeleland:

●

●

Modern day Zimbabwe

Ruled by King Lobengula; inhabited by the Ndebele

114. Rhodesia:

●

115. Indirect Rule:

●

●

116. Direct Rule:

●

Large powers directly controlled colonies

112. Territory named after Cecil Rhodes

Colonies are governed by local rulers

Common in British colonies like India, and Nigeria

Modern World History Level 1: Midterm Exam Review Sheet

Imperialism in Africa, The Middle East, and Asia: (Contd.)

117. Protectorate:

●

Local rulers run the government

○

Follow advice from imperial powers

118. Sphere of Influence:

●

An area where a foreign power has exclusive rights over trading and resources

Modern World History Level 1: Midterm Exam Review Sheet

Africa P. 392-400

119. Congo Free State:

●

Controlled by King Leopold II

●

Exploited for rubber and ivory

120. King Leopold II:

●

Took control of the Congo

○

Told the Congolese he would aid and civilize them

■ Enslaved them all

●

This led to millions of Congolese deaths

121. Rubber Trade:

122. Berlin Conference:

123. Boer War:

●

●

●

●

●

Driven by the demand for rubber

This led to forced labor of the Congolese

A meeting where European powers divided Africa without African input

Aimed to prevent conflict between European nations

The war between the British and Dutch colonists in South Africa

○

This British won and they gained control

Modern World History Level 1: Midterm Exam Review Sheet

India P.405-410

124. Sepoys:

●

●

Indian soldiers employed by the British East India Company

Played a huge role in the Sepoy Rebellion

125. Sepoy Mutiny/Rebellion:

●

●

●

Indian uprising against British rule in 1857

Due to the British treating Indians poorly

The big spark was when ammunition was greased with cow and pig fat

126. Viceroy:

●

●

British Governer who ruled India on behalf of the Crown

Ensured British control over Indian policies

127. Queen Victoria:

●

●

Queen of Great Britain and Empress of India

Represented British imperial power in India

128. Indian Nationals:

●

An Indian political party that sought independence from British rule

Modern World History Level 1: Midterm Exam Review Sheet

China: P. 411-416

129. The Opium War:

●

A war between Britain and China because of opium trading

130. Extraterritoriality:

●

currently in

When foreign residents only follow laws from their home country, not the country they are

131. Treaty of Nanjing:

●

●

Ended the first opium war

The British own Hong Kong

132. Qing Dynasty:

●

The last imperial dynasty of China

133. Taiping Rebellion:

●

●

Massive peasant revolt led by Hong Ziuquan to bring in social reforms

20-30 million deaths

134. Hundred Days Reform & Guang Xu:

●

●

An attempt to improve government and education

Ended by Conservative backlash

135. Self-Strengthening Movement:

●

Efforts to modernize China's military and industry

136. Open Door Policy:

●

●

The U.S. policy advocating equal trade rights in China

Prevented colonization but kept China under foreign influence

137. Boxer Rebellion:

●

Anti-Christan/foreign uprising in China

●

Ended by British troops

138. Sun Yixian:

●

●

The first democratic president of China

Believed in the “Three Principles of The People

○

Nationalism

○

Democracy

○

Livelihood

Modern World History Level 1: Midterm Exam Review Sheet

Southeast Asia/Pacific Islands: P. 429-433

139. French Indochina:

●

French colonial territory in Southeast Asia

●

Exploited for rubber and rice

140. Siam:

141. ●

●

Modern-day Thailand

Maintained independence by modernizing and negotiating with imperial powers

Pacific Islands (Hawaii, the Philippines & Samoa):

●

●

Strategic for their strategic location in trade and military

Colonized by Western powers for resources and geopolitical contr