The Late Middle Ages 1000 - 1400

Key Terms

• First Estate- Nobility

• Second Estate-Clergy

• Third Estate- Peasants

• Feudalism- the king gives nobility land, and they, in turn, have the surfs or free peasants work the land.

• Scholasticism- The idea of merging current knowledge and church knowledge.

• Thomas Aquinas-Thomas Aquinas was the greatest of the Scholastic philosophers. He produced a comprehensive synthesis of Christian theology and Aristotelian philosophy that influenced Roman Catholic doctrine for centuries. (10 reasons why god is real)

• Holy Roman Empire- The Holy Roman Empire was a political entity in Western, Central, and Southern Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages

• Catholic Church- The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church (center of medieval life)

• %%100-Years War- %%The Hundred Years' War was a series of armed conflicts between the kingdoms of England and France during the Late Middle Ages. (1337-1453)

• ^^Black Death-^^The Black Death was a bubonic plague pandemic occurring in Western Eurasia and North Africa from 1346 to 1353.

• The Avignon Papacy- The Avignon Papacy was the period from 1309 to 1376 during which seven successive popes resided in Avignon rather than in Rome

• The Great Schism- he period from 1378 to 1417, when there were two, and later three, rival popes, each with his own following, his own Sacred College of Cardinals, and his own administrative offices

• Conciliarism-the theory of church government that places final ecclesiastical authority in representative church councils instead of in a papacy.

• Heresy- any belief or theory that is firmly at variance with established beliefs or customs, in particular, the accepted beliefs of the church

• Jan Hus- a Czech theologian and philosopher who became a Church reformer and the inspiration of Hussitism, a key predecessor to Protestantism.

• How did the 100-years war contribute to a decline of the Feudal system and the rise of centralizing Monarchies? Mercenaries were better fighters and required no land & only small sums in comparison to the knights who proved less efficient against men with sticks or longbows. This meant kings needed money not nobles to win wars.

• What were the socioeconomic effects of the Black death? How did they help to undermine the status quo of the Late-Middle Ages?    Fewer peasants + nobles still need labor = peasants are paid more

• How did the Avignon Papacy and the Great *western* Schism contribute to the loss of papal authority?  The hectic split of the church into 3 factions undermined church authority and legitimacy.

The Italian Renaissance

• Key Terms

  • Renaissance Humanism

  • Secularism

  • Classical Revival

  • Philology

  • Linear Perspective

  • Chiaroscuro

  • Civic Humanism

  • Niccolo Machiavelli

  • Baldassarre Castiglione

  • Neoplatonism

  • Pico della Mirandola

  • Michelangelo

  • Leon Battista Alberti

  • Florence

  • Medici

  • Milan

  • Venice

  • Doge

  • The Papal States

• Key Questions

  • Why did the Renaissance begin in Italy?

  • What were the key ideas of the Renaissance Humanists? How did their ideas differ from the key ideas of the Middle Ages, such as scholasticism?

  • What were the characteristic features of Renaissance Art?

  • How did the political and social circumstance of the Renaissance contribute to the artistic “golden age?”

  • Why did the Italian City-States decline at the beginning of the 16th century?

State formation and expansion

• Key Terms

  • Centralization

  • The Ottoman Turks

  • Constantinople

  • Portugal

  • Henry the Navigator

  • Spain

  • The Reconquista

  • Ferdinand and Isabella

  • Columbus

  • The Aztecs

  • Cortez

  • The Inca

  • Pizarro

  • Potosí

  • The Columbian Exchange

  • Plantation Economy

  • The Atlantic Slave Trade

  • Bartolome de las Casas

  • Thomas More

  • Michel de Montaigne

  • Poland-Lithuania

  • The Sejm

  • Burgundy

  • Charles the Bold

  • The New Monarchs

  • France

  • Louis XI

  • England

  • The War of the Roses

  • The House of Tudor

  • The House of Habsburg

  • Charles V (Carlos I)

  • The Italian Wars (a.k.a. The Hapsburg-Valois Wars)

• Key Questions

  • What motives encouraged European exploration  at the end of the 15th century?

  • What factors made it possible for Western European states to expand successfully at the end of the 15th century? (Political, Technological)

  • How did Portugal and Spain build their overseas empires? How did these approaches differ?

  • What were the effects of European expansion for Europe, Africa and America? (Political, Economic, Intellectual)

  • What political, economic, social changes during the Late Middle Ages facilitated the rise of centralized monarchical states?

  • What does a Monarch need to do in order to centralize her power?

  • What obstacles stood in the way of centralizing monarchs?

  • Give a detailed example of a state that became less centralized between 1450 and 1550.

  • Give a detailed example of a state that became more centralized between 1450 and 1550.

Big Picture Connections:

• Think about how the following issues are causally connected

  • The 100-years war, centralizing monarchs

  • The Great Schism, The Black Death, centralizing monarchs

  • The Great Schism, The Black Death, renaissance culture

  • Trade, urbanization, renaissance culture

  • Trade, urbanization, and centralizing monarchs

  • Renaissance culture, the breakdown of the feudal system, and centralizing monarchs

  • Decline of Italian City-States, voyages of exploration, centralizing monarchs

  • Others? The more connections you can make, the better you will remember it all.

• Medieval philosophy

• Jan hus- early protestant theologian,

• Pico Della Mirandola-we are free bc of god 900 thesis