Ap euro Notes Chap. 1 

The Late Middle Ages 1000 - 1400

Key Terms

  • ==First Estate==- Nobility
  • @@Second Estate@@-Clergy
  • ThirdEstateThird Estate- Peasants
  • %%Feudalism%%- the king gives nobility land, and they, in turn, have the surfs or free peasants work the land.
  • ^^Scholasticism^^- The idea of merging current knowledge and church knowledge.
  • Thomas Aquinas-Thomas Aquinas was the greatest of the Scholastic philosophers. He produced a comprehensive synthesis of Christian theology and Aristotelian philosophy that influenced Roman Catholic doctrine for centuries. (10 reasons why god is real)
  • @@Holy Roman Empire-@@ The Holy Roman Empire was a political entity in Western, Central, and Southern Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages
  • CatholicChurch−Catholic Church- The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church (center of medieval life)
  • %%100-Years War- %%The Hundred Years' War was a series of armed conflicts between the kingdoms of England and France during the Late Middle Ages. (1337-1453)
  • ^^Black Death-^^The Black Death was a bubonic plague pandemic occurring in Western Eurasia and North Africa from 1346 to 1353.
  • ==The Avignon Papacy-== The Avignon Papacy was the period from 1309 to 1376 during which seven successive popes resided in Avignon rather than in Rome
  • The Great Schism- he period from 1378 to 1417, when there were two, and later three, rival popes, each with his own following, his own Sacred College of Cardinals, and his own administrative offices
  • Conciliarism−Conciliarism-the theory of church government that places final ecclesiastical authority in representative church councils instead of in a papacy.
  • %%Heresy-%% any belief or theory that is firmly at variance with established beliefs or customs, in particular, the accepted beliefs of the church
  • ^^Jan Hus-^^ a Czech theologian and philosopher who became a Church reformer and the inspiration of Hussitism, a key predecessor to Protestantism.
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  • How did the 100-years war contribute to a decline of the Feudal system and the rise of centralizing Monarchies? Mercenaries were better fighters and required no land & only small sums in comparison to the knights who proved less efficient against men with sticks or longbows. This meant kings needed money not nobles to win wars.
  • What were the socioeconomic effects of the Black death? How did they help to undermine the status quo of the Late-Middle Ages?    Fewer peasants + nobles still need labor = peasants are paid more
  • How did the Avignon Papacy and the Great *western* Schism contribute to the loss of papal authority?  The hectic split of the church into 3 factions undermined church authority and legitimacy.

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The Italian Renaissance

  • Key Terms
    • Renaissance Humanism
    • Secularism
    • Classical Revival
    • Philology
    • Linear Perspective
    • Chiaroscuro
    • Civic Humanism
    • Niccolo Machiavelli
    • Baldassarre Castiglione
    • Neoplatonism
    • Pico della Mirandola
    • Michelangelo
    • Leon Battista Alberti
    • Florence
    • Medici
    • Milan
    • Venice
    • Doge
    • The Papal States
  • Key Questions
    • Why did the Renaissance begin in Italy?
    • What were the key ideas of the Renaissance Humanists? How did their ideas differ from the key ideas of the Middle Ages, such as scholasticism?
    • What were the characteristic features of Renaissance Art?
    • How did the political and social circumstance of the Renaissance contribute to the artistic “golden age?”
    • Why did the Italian City-States decline at the beginning of the 16th century?

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State formation and expansion

  • Key Terms
    • Centralization
    • The Ottoman Turks
    • Constantinople
    • Portugal
    • Henry the Navigator
    • Spain
    • The Reconquista
    • Ferdinand and Isabella
    • Columbus
    • The Aztecs
    • Cortez
    • The Inca
    • Pizarro
    • Potosí
    • The Columbian Exchange
    • Plantation Economy
    • The Atlantic Slave Trade
    • Bartolome de las Casas
    • Thomas More
    • Michel de Montaigne
    • Poland-Lithuania
    • The Sejm
    • Burgundy
    • Charles the Bold
    • The New Monarchs
    • France
    • Louis XI
    • England
    • The War of the Roses
    • The House of Tudor
    • The House of Habsburg
    • Charles V (Carlos I)
    • The Italian Wars (a.k.a. The Hapsburg-Valois Wars)

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  • Key Questions
    • What motives encouraged European exploration  at the end of the 15th century?
    • What factors made it possible for Western European states to expand successfully at the end of the 15th century? (Political, Technological)
    • How did Portugal and Spain build their overseas empires? How did these approaches differ?
    • What were the effects of European expansion for Europe, Africa and America? (Political, Economic, Intellectual)
    • What political, economic, social changes during the Late Middle Ages facilitated the rise of centralized monarchical states?
    • What does a Monarch need to do in order to centralize her power?
    • What obstacles stood in the way of centralizing monarchs?
    • Give a detailed example of a state that became less centralized between 1450 and 1550.
    • Give a detailed example of a state that became more centralized between 1450 and 1550.

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Big Picture Connections:

  • Think about how the following issues are causally connected
    • The 100-years war, centralizing monarchs
    • The Great Schism, The Black Death, centralizing monarchs
    • The Great Schism, The Black Death, renaissance culture
    • Trade, urbanization, renaissance culture
    • Trade, urbanization, and centralizing monarchs
    • Renaissance culture, the breakdown of the feudal system, and centralizing monarchs
    • Decline of Italian City-States, voyages of exploration, centralizing monarchs
    • Others? The more connections you can make, the better you will remember it all.
  • Medieval philosophy
  • Jan hus- early protestant theologian,
  • Pico Della Mirandola-we are free bc of god 900 thesis
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