Ap euro Notes Chap. 1 

The Late Middle Ages 1000 - 1400

Key Terms

• ==First Estate==- Nobility

• @@Second Estate@@-Clergy

• Third Estate- Peasants

• %%Feudalism%%- the king gives nobility land, and they, in turn, have the surfs or free peasants work the land.

• ^^Scholasticism^^- The idea of merging current knowledge and church knowledge.

• Thomas Aquinas-Thomas Aquinas was the greatest of the Scholastic philosophers. He produced a comprehensive synthesis of Christian theology and Aristotelian philosophy that influenced Roman Catholic doctrine for centuries. (10 reasons why god is real)

• @@Holy Roman Empire-@@ The Holy Roman Empire was a political entity in Western, Central, and Southern Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages

• Catholic Church- The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church (center of medieval life)

• %%100-Years War- %%The Hundred Years' War was a series of armed conflicts between the kingdoms of England and France during the Late Middle Ages. (1337-1453)

• ^^Black Death-^^The Black Death was a bubonic plague pandemic occurring in Western Eurasia and North Africa from 1346 to 1353.

• ==The Avignon Papacy-== The Avignon Papacy was the period from 1309 to 1376 during which seven successive popes resided in Avignon rather than in Rome

• The Great Schism- he period from 1378 to 1417, when there were two, and later three, rival popes, each with his own following, his own Sacred College of Cardinals, and his own administrative offices

• Conciliarism-the theory of church government that places final ecclesiastical authority in representative church councils instead of in a papacy.

• %%Heresy-%% any belief or theory that is firmly at variance with established beliefs or customs, in particular, the accepted beliefs of the church

• ^^Jan Hus-^^ a Czech theologian and philosopher who became a Church reformer and the inspiration of Hussitism, a key predecessor to Protestantism.

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• How did the 100-years war contribute to a decline of the Feudal system and the rise of centralizing Monarchies? Mercenaries were better fighters and required no land & only small sums in comparison to the knights who proved less efficient against men with sticks or longbows. This meant kings needed money not nobles to win wars.

• What were the socioeconomic effects of the Black death? How did they help to undermine the status quo of the Late-Middle Ages?    Fewer peasants + nobles still need labor = peasants are paid more

• How did the Avignon Papacy and the Great *western* Schism contribute to the loss of papal authority?  The hectic split of the church into 3 factions undermined church authority and legitimacy.

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The Italian Renaissance

• Key Terms

  • Renaissance Humanism
  • Secularism
  • Classical Revival
  • Philology
  • Linear Perspective
  • Chiaroscuro
  • Civic Humanism
  • Niccolo Machiavelli
  • Baldassarre Castiglione
  • Neoplatonism
  • Pico della Mirandola
  • Michelangelo
  • Leon Battista Alberti
  • Florence
  • Medici
  • Milan
  • Venice
  • Doge
  • The Papal States

• Key Questions

  • Why did the Renaissance begin in Italy?
  • What were the key ideas of the Renaissance Humanists? How did their ideas differ from the key ideas of the Middle Ages, such as scholasticism?
  • What were the characteristic features of Renaissance Art?
  • How did the political and social circumstance of the Renaissance contribute to the artistic “golden age?”
  • Why did the Italian City-States decline at the beginning of the 16th century?

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State formation and expansion

• Key Terms

  • Centralization
  • The Ottoman Turks
  • Constantinople
  • Portugal
  • Henry the Navigator
  • Spain
  • The Reconquista
  • Ferdinand and Isabella
  • Columbus
  • The Aztecs
  • Cortez
  • The Inca
  • Pizarro
  • Potosí
  • The Columbian Exchange
  • Plantation Economy
  • The Atlantic Slave Trade
  • Bartolome de las Casas
  • Thomas More
  • Michel de Montaigne
  • Poland-Lithuania
  • The Sejm
  • Burgundy
  • Charles the Bold
  • The New Monarchs
  • France
  • Louis XI
  • England
  • The War of the Roses
  • The House of Tudor
  • The House of Habsburg
  • Charles V (Carlos I)
  • The Italian Wars (a.k.a. The Hapsburg-Valois Wars)

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• Key Questions

  • What motives encouraged European exploration  at the end of the 15th century?
  • What factors made it possible for Western European states to expand successfully at the end of the 15th century? (Political, Technological)
  • How did Portugal and Spain build their overseas empires? How did these approaches differ?
  • What were the effects of European expansion for Europe, Africa and America? (Political, Economic, Intellectual)
  • What political, economic, social changes during the Late Middle Ages facilitated the rise of centralized monarchical states?
  • What does a Monarch need to do in order to centralize her power?
  • What obstacles stood in the way of centralizing monarchs?
  • Give a detailed example of a state that became less centralized between 1450 and 1550.
  • Give a detailed example of a state that became more centralized between 1450 and 1550.

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Big Picture Connections:

• Think about how the following issues are causally connected
  • The 100-years war, centralizing monarchs
  • The Great Schism, The Black Death, centralizing monarchs
  • The Great Schism, The Black Death, renaissance culture
  • Trade, urbanization, renaissance culture
  • Trade, urbanization, and centralizing monarchs
  • Renaissance culture, the breakdown of the feudal system, and centralizing monarchs
  • Decline of Italian City-States, voyages of exploration, centralizing monarchs
  • Others? The more connections you can make, the better you will remember it all.
• Medieval philosophy
• Jan hus- early protestant theologian,
• Pico Della Mirandola-we are free bc of god 900 thesis
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