science t2
Important:
Nuclear fusion: Hydrogen atoms violently collide with each other, fusing and forming a helium atom, causing huge amounts of energy to be released. This happens because of the extreme conditions in its core.
Sunspot: Darker patch on the sun’s surface caused to them being darker than the rest of the surface.
Core: Hottest part of the sun, located in the centre
Radiative Zone: largest part of the sun, where energy is transferred to surface by conduction and radiation diffusion.
Photosphere: The suns outer shell, from which you can see visible light emanating from
Chromosphere: Hot atmosphere of the Sun
Diagrams:
Fig a.
The periodic table is organised by groups (columns) and periods (rows).
The same group means they have the same number of valence electrons.
Ordered by increasing atomic number.
The more to the right, the less metallic the element.
What does each part tell you about the element
Atomic number: number of protons or electrons (number of protons = number of electrons)
Atomic mass: number of protons plus neutrons
Atoms are the building blocks of all matter.
They have no overall charge.
More notes
Protons and neutrons are much bigger then electrons
Having too many neutrons makes an atom unstable
An element is a pure substance containing only one type of atom.
A compound is a substance containing two or more types of atoms chemically bonded
A group of substances mixed together that arent chemically bound
A molecule is 2 or more atoms chemically bonded
A molecule of an element is a molecule with only one type of atom
A molecule of a compound is a molecule with two or more different types of atoms
Ions are atoms or groups of atoms that have an electric charge.
When there are more electrons, there is a negative charge, and when are are more electrons, there is a positive charge.
Ions are notated like this:
Atoms bond to form Ions to form a full valence shell of either 2 or 8.
The pattern for electron arrangement (for the first 20 electrons) is 2, 8, 8.
For example: Lithium and Flourine: Lithium has electron: 2,1 whereas Fluorine has electrons 2,7. Therefore, lithium gives its electron to fluorine, bonding them both. Lithium is now a positive ion, Fluorine a negative one.
The atmosphere on Earth is made up of mostly nitrogen, oxygen, and water vapour. Carbon dioxide and Argon are also present.
Troposphere: Temperature decreases with altitude
Convection currents occur.
Stratosphere: Temperature increases with altitude,
Ozone layer: O3 molecules break down UV rays and disperse heat.
Mesoshere: Temperature decreasing with altitude
Where meteoroids burn
Thermosphere: Temperature increasing with altitude
Aborbs heat from UV rays to increase temperature
Exosphere: Fringe of atmosphere where particles can escape
Important:
Nuclear fusion: Hydrogen atoms violently collide with each other, fusing and forming a helium atom, causing huge amounts of energy to be released. This happens because of the extreme conditions in its core.
Sunspot: Darker patch on the sun’s surface caused to them being darker than the rest of the surface.
Core: Hottest part of the sun, located in the centre
Radiative Zone: largest part of the sun, where energy is transferred to surface by conduction and radiation diffusion.
Photosphere: The suns outer shell, from which you can see visible light emanating from
Chromosphere: Hot atmosphere of the Sun
Diagrams:
Fig a.
The periodic table is organised by groups (columns) and periods (rows).
The same group means they have the same number of valence electrons.
Ordered by increasing atomic number.
The more to the right, the less metallic the element.
What does each part tell you about the element
Atomic number: number of protons or electrons (number of protons = number of electrons)
Atomic mass: number of protons plus neutrons
Atoms are the building blocks of all matter.
They have no overall charge.
More notes
Protons and neutrons are much bigger then electrons
Having too many neutrons makes an atom unstable
An element is a pure substance containing only one type of atom.
A compound is a substance containing two or more types of atoms chemically bonded
A group of substances mixed together that arent chemically bound
A molecule is 2 or more atoms chemically bonded
A molecule of an element is a molecule with only one type of atom
A molecule of a compound is a molecule with two or more different types of atoms
Ions are atoms or groups of atoms that have an electric charge.
When there are more electrons, there is a negative charge, and when are are more electrons, there is a positive charge.
Ions are notated like this:
Atoms bond to form Ions to form a full valence shell of either 2 or 8.
The pattern for electron arrangement (for the first 20 electrons) is 2, 8, 8.
For example: Lithium and Flourine: Lithium has electron: 2,1 whereas Fluorine has electrons 2,7. Therefore, lithium gives its electron to fluorine, bonding them both. Lithium is now a positive ion, Fluorine a negative one.
The atmosphere on Earth is made up of mostly nitrogen, oxygen, and water vapour. Carbon dioxide and Argon are also present.
Troposphere: Temperature decreases with altitude
Convection currents occur.
Stratosphere: Temperature increases with altitude,
Ozone layer: O3 molecules break down UV rays and disperse heat.
Mesoshere: Temperature decreasing with altitude
Where meteoroids burn
Thermosphere: Temperature increasing with altitude
Aborbs heat from UV rays to increase temperature
Exosphere: Fringe of atmosphere where particles can escape
