Dominican University A&P 1 - Lesson 8 - The Skeletal System - Appendicular Skeleton

Page 1: Course Information

• Dominican University, New York

• Anatomy & Physiology I: BI223 DA 3

• Instructor: Spendy Pierre-Louis, PT, DPT, GCS

Page 2: Overview of the Appendicular Skeleton

Key Concepts

• The skeletal system can be divided into two main parts: axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton.

• The appendicular skeleton includes:

  • Upper limbs

  • Pelvic girdle

  • Lower limbs

Page 3: Function of the Appendicular Skeleton

• The bones in the appendicular skeleton are mainly responsible for body movements and mobility.

• These bones serve as appendages to the axial skeleton, which includes bones within the upper and lower limbs and girdles.

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Page 6: Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle Anatomy

Components

• Bones:

  • Clavicle (collarbone)

  • Scapula (shoulder blade)

• Joints:

  • Sternoclavicular joint (between the clavicle and sternum)

  • Acromioclavicular joint (between the clavicle and scapula)

  • Glenohumeral joint (shoulder joint)

• Views:

  • Anterior and posterior view illustrations of the pectoral girdle.

Page 7: Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle Interactions

• Animation illustrating the interactions of the pectoral girdle components.

Page 8: Clavicle Characteristics

• The clavicle is S-shaped:

  • Medial (sternal) end articulates with the manubrium of the sternum.

  • Lateral (acromial) end articulates with the acromion of the scapula.

Page 9: Clavicle Anatomy

• Most commonly fractured bone in the body.

• Anatomy includes:

  • Sternal and acromial ends

  • Trapezoid line

  • Costal tuberosity

  • Conoid tubercle

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Page 14: Scapula Anatomy

• The scapula is a flat bone located in the posterior thorax (between the second and seventh ribs).

• The glenoid cavity serves as the attachment point for the humerus.

Page 15: Winging Scapula

• Condition where the scapula protrudes outwards, which may affect movement.

Page 16: Upper Limb (Extremity) Overview

• Humerus is the arm bone.

• Articulates with:

  • Scapula (proximal)

  • Radius and ulna (distal)

  • Trochlea with ulna; capitulum with radius.

Page 17: Key Features of the Humerus

• Major features include:

  • Greater tubercle

  • Deltoid tuberosity

  • Capitulum

  • Olecranon fossa

  • Epicondyles

Page 18: Posterior View of Humerus

• Illustration of the humerus showing greater and lesser tubercles and various fossa.

Page 19: Humerus Anatomical Structure

• Detailed anatomy showing surfaces and attachment points (e.g., medial/lateral epicondyle, radial groove).

Page 20: Upper Limb Articulations

• The anatomical neck, surgical neck, and various tubercles and fossa for articulation with other bones.

Page 21: Post-Injury and Surgical Views of Humerus

• Comparison of normal appearance with post-accident and post-surgical appearance of the skull and humerus.

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Page 23: Case Study: 62-Year-Old Man

• Surgical intervention post-humeral replacement arthroplasty.

• Views indicating posterior structure.

Page 24: Anatomy of Forearm Bones

• Ulna and radius structure:

  • Olecranon and coronoid process form the trochlear notch with the humerus.

  • Radius is located on the thumb (lateral) side and allows rotation.

Page 25: Forearm Bone Structure Details

• Detailed anatomy of radius and ulna including key fossa and processes.

Page 26: Views on Radius and Ulna Structure

• Various views highlighting the interosseous membrane and articulation points.

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Page 28: Types of Fractures

• Distal humerus fracture and supracondylar fracture descriptions.

Page 29: Carrying Angle in Arms

• Normal carrying angle difference observed between males and females (10-15° vs >15°).

Page 30: Anatomy of Carpal Bones

• Eight carpal bones:

  • Two rows, proximal (scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform) articulating with radius and ulna.

  • Distal row (trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate) articulating with metacarpals.

Page 31: Wrist and Hand Anatomy

• Phalanges and metacarpals description.

• Key carpal bones and mnemonic used for learning.

Page 32: Mnemonic for Carpal Bones

• "Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can't Handle" corresponding to each carpal bone.

Page 33: Metacarpal and Phalange Structure

• Five metacarpals and 14 phalanges:

  • Thumb has 2 (proximal, distal); other fingers have 3 each.

Page 34: Comprehensive Breakdown of Hand Structure

• Detailed analysis of carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges, their articulation points, and an additional mnemonic.

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Page 36: Nail Anatomy and Fracture Types

• Components of nail including nail bed and fractures associated with the phalanx.

Page 37: Surgical Considerations

• Scaphoid fracturing surgery indications and stabilization methods.

Page 38: Pelvic Girdle Overview

• Hip girdle components and articulations with the sacrum and pubic symphysis.

Page 39: Hip Bone Structure

• Composition includes ilium, ischium, and pubis.

• Functional significance of the pubic symphysis.

Page 40: Pelvic Girdle Interactions

• Animation depicting pelvic girdle interactions.

Page 41: Pelvic Anatomy Features

• Highlighting the gluteal lines, iliac crest, and sciatic notches.

Page 42: Femur and Acetabulum Joint

• Ball-and-socket joint formed between the head of the femur and acetabulum.

Page 43: Pelvis Structure

• Division of the pelvis into superior and inferior portions by pelvic brim.

Page 44: False vs True Pelvis

• Definitions, features, and anatomical significance of both false (greater) and true (lesser) pelvis.

Page 45: Pelvis Comparative Views

• Anterior views illustrating greater and lesser pelvis anatomy.

Page 46: Male vs Female Pelvis Comparison

Differences

• Male:

  • Heavier, thicker bones.

• Female:

  • Wider, shallower pelvis accommodating childbirth.

Page 47: Presentation Positions in Childbirth

• Different positions during childbirth; factors affecting delivery.

Page 48: Pelvis Comparison Table

• Points of comparison between male and female pelves related to structure and shape.

Page 49: Further Pelvis Comparison

• Continued anatomical comparison with emphasis on iliac crest and sciatic notch.

Page 50: Pelvic Outlet Characteristics

• Comparison of outlet features and ischial tuberosity in both sexes.

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Page 52: Lower Limb Overview

• The femur: longest and strongest bone.

• Articulations at both ends with hip and knee structures.

Page 53: Femur Anatomy

• Detailed illustrations of femur anatomy including condyles and features.

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Page 55: Internal Support in Femur Fractures

• Visual aids detailing surgical support in femur fractures for adults and children.

Page 56: Anatomy of the Patella

• Overview of anterior and posterior patella views highlighting key structures.

Page 57: Anatomy of the Lower Leg

• Tibia and fibula structure:

  • Proximal end articulating with femur, distal with ankle.

  • Points of attachment for ligaments.

Page 58: Tibia and Fibula Positioning

• Positions and orientation of tibia (medial) vs fibula (lateral) with a mnemonic for easy recall.

Page 59: Distal View of Tibia and Fibula

• Illustrations of lower leg structure showing distal ends.

Page 60: Ankle Fracture Classifications

• Danis Weber classification based on fibular fracture location.

Page 61: Anatomy of Tarsal Bones

• Seven tarsal bones: talus, calcaneus, and others forming the foot's structure.

Page 62: Structure of Metatarsal Bones

• Five metatarsals forming the foot's structure, with articulations explained.

Page 63: Phalange Anatomy in Feet

• Structural outline of phalanges in relation to the metatarsals and tarsal bones.

Page 64: Phalanges Organization

• Arrangements similar to those in the hand with distinctions between big toe and others.

Page 65: Tarsal Overview

• Anatomical view highlighting the configuration of tarsal and metatarsal bones with mnemonics for ease of remembrance.

Page 66: Function of Foot Arches

• Two arches (longitudinal and transverse) support weight and facilitate movement.

Page 67: Lateral View of Foot

• Anatomical representation of foot arches and structural positioning.

Page 68: Foot Types

• Descriptions of foot shapes: normal, flat foot, and high arch conditions.

Page 69: Development of the Skeletal System

• Most skeletal tissue forms from mesoderm, with some skull components arising from ectoderm.

Page 70: Layers of Embryonic Development

• Overview of ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm functions and contributions to development.

Page 71: Limb Girdle Development

• Limb and girdle skeletons derive from mesoderm with significant growth between weeks 4-8 after fertilization.

Page 72: Early Embryonic Limb Development

• Illustrations showing limb buds at four and six weeks indicating early development.

Page 73: Detailed Limb Development

• Progression from limb bud to developed upper and lower limbs by the eighth week.

Page 74: Skeletal System Role in Homeostasis

• The skeletal system's contributions to vital body functions and homeostasis.

Page 75: Contributions of the Skeletal System to Homeostasis

Functions Across Systems

• Support and protection for organs, storage and release of calcium, involvement in muscle movement, and protection for the nervous and lymphoid systems.

Page 76: Recap

• Overview of the skeletal system components including metacarpals, carpals, and lower limb bones like femur and patella.

Course Information

Institution: Dominican University, New YorkCourse: Anatomy & Physiology I: BI223 DA 3Instructor: Spendy Pierre-Louis, PT, DPT, GCSCourse Objectives:This course aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the human body's structure and function, focusing primarily on the anatomy and physiology of the musculoskeletal system. Students will learn important terminology, concepts, and interrelationships among various body systems, with an emphasis on practical applications in health and medical fields.

Overview of the Appendicular Skeleton

Key Concepts

The skeletal system can be divided into two main categories: the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton.

• Axial Skeleton: Comprises the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage, mainly responsible for protecting internal organs and providing structural support.

• Appendicular Skeleton: Includes bones that form the upper and lower limbs, as well as the pelvic and pectoral girdles, playing an essential role in facilitating movement and interaction with the environment.

Components of the Appendicular Skeleton

• Upper Limb: Comprised of the humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges.

• Pelvic Girdle: Supports the lower limbs and consists of the ilium, ischium, and pubis, connecting to the sacrum at the sacroiliac joint.

• Lower Limb: Comprises the femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges, essential for locomotion and balancing the body during movement.

Function of the Appendicular Skeleton

The bones within the appendicular skeleton are primarily responsible for facilitating body movements and enhancing mobility.Functions include:

1. Locomotion: Connecting limbs to the torso enables walking, running, and jumping.

2. Manipulation of Objects: The upper limbs are adapted for various functions, from lifting to intricate hand movements.

3. Support and Balance: These bones, along with associated muscles and ligaments, provide stability during movement and posture maintenance.These bones serve as appendages to the axial skeleton, facilitating a wide range of movements while maintaining structural integrity and support for the body's functions.

Course Information

Institution: Dominican University, New YorkCourse: Anatomy & Physiology I: BI223 DA 3Instructor: Spendy Pierre-Louis, PT, DPT, GCSCourse Objectives:This course aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the human body's structure and function, focusing primarily on the anatomy and physiology of the musculoskeletal system. Students will learn important terminology, concepts, and interrelationships among various body systems, with an emphasis on practical applications in health and medical fields.

Overview of the Appendicular Skeleton

Key Concepts

The skeletal system can be divided into two main categories: the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton.

• Axial Skeleton: Comprises the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage, mainly responsible for protecting internal organs and providing structural support.

• Appendicular Skeleton: Includes bones that form the upper and lower limbs, as well as the pelvic and pectoral girdles, playing an essential role in facilitating movement and interaction with the environment.

Components of the Appendicular Skeleton

• Upper Limb: Comprised of the humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges.

• Pelvic Girdle: Supports the lower limbs and consists of the ilium, ischium, and pubis, connecting to the sacrum at the sacroiliac joint.

• Lower Limb: Comprises the femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges, essential for locomotion and balancing the body during movement.

Function of the Appendicular Skeleton

The bones within the appendicular skeleton are primarily responsible for facilitating body movements and enhancing mobility.Functions include:

1. Locomotion: Connecting limbs to the torso enables walking, running, and jumping.

2. Manipulation of Objects: The upper limbs are adapted for various functions, from lifting to intricate hand movements.

3. Support and Balance: These bones, along with associated muscles and ligaments, provide stability during movement and posture maintenance.These bones serve as appendages to the axial skeleton, facilitating a wide range of movements while maintaining structural integrity and support for the body's functions.