term

definition

define hindsight bias, and explain how overconfidence contaminated our everyday judgments.

After learning the outcome, they believe that they could have predicted it all along; the “I-knew-it-all-along” behavior

Explain how the scientific attitude encourages critical thinking.

evidence-based thinking

explain why psychologists study animals and discuss the ethics of experimentation with both animals and humans

1. doesn’t harm them

2. subjects need to know that they are in an experiment

3. let them know the results of the study

4. private information remains anonymous

scientific method

meaningful research increases our understanding of human behavior

naturalistic observation

observing behavior in a real-world setting

case study

studying a person over time and collecting info

correlational study

studying two related things

survey method

cheap, easy way to get samples of attitudes and behaviors

population

the entire group that the investigator wants to conclude from

random sample

everyone has the opportunity to participate

longitudinal study

the same group of people at different ages (over time)

cross-sectional study

different group of people at the same age

experiment

researcher manipulates the environment while studying

operational definition

a clear and measurable objection to the study (outcome)

independent variable (IV)

the variable that changes or gets manipulated

dependent variable (DV)

outcome; changes based on the IV (measured)

experimental group

participants who receive treatment

control group

participants who don’t receive any change

random assignment

people are randomly assigned to a control and experiment group

double-blind procedure

neither participants nor experiments know who is in what group

placebo

a harmless substance that has no physiological effect; ex. sugar pill

confounding variable

things that could change or affect the experiment

correlation coefficient

-1…0…+1

amount of cavities and brushing teeth (-1)

positive psychology

study and promote optimal human functioning; qualities of people

describe two measures of central tendeancy.

mean, mode, median, range

Mean

the average score

Mode

the most common score

Median

the middle score

Range

the highest to lowest score

Pyschology

the study of the mind and behavior

Biopysychosocial perspective

the use of many perspectives, not just one

Psychological perspective

the method of classyifiying behavior a collection of ideas

Behavioral Perspective

how we learnt hrough rewards, punishments, observation explained by prevous learning

Psychoanalytical Perspective (Paffected sycodynamic)

how behavior is affected by unconsious drives and conflicts; motivation and inner conflicts

Humanistic Perspective

How each persons capacity to act, think; a persons perceptive of the world

Cognitive Perspective

How people think and process information; how somone interrperats the situation

Social-cultural Perspective

how thinking and behavior chnage depending on the setting or situation

Biological Perspective

How our biological structures and substabces underlie a given behavior, thought, or emotion'; brain chemistry, gentetics, etc.

Wilhem Wundt

father or psychology, founder of modern Pysch

Wiliam James

first U.S psychologist; found of functionalist

Sigmund Freud

focused on the subconsious, belived abnormal behavior originated from the unconsious drives and conflicts

Ivan Pavlov

Russian Physiologist; a behaviorist

John B Watson

Founder of Beaviorism; only observed described acts

B.F Skinner

Behaviorist; learning through reward and behavior

Jean Piaget

studied cognitive perspective

Qualitative

Non-numerical data analysis