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Chapter 10 PSYC notes

Chapter 10 - The Major Motives

  • Motivation refers to a process within a person or animal that causes that organism to move toward a goal or away from an unpleasant situation.

  • Intrinsic motivation refers to the desire to do  something for its own sake and the pleasure it brings.

  • Extrinsic motivation refers to the desire to do something for external rewards, such as money and good grades.

    • Whether your motives are intrinsic or extrinsic affects how readily you meet your goals, and how satisfied meeting them can make you feel.

  • Set point is a hypothesized mechanism that serves to maintain body weight around a physiologically programmed level.

  • A 10% increase or decrease moves an individual’s “Set Point”

  • Everyone has a genetically programmed basal metabolic rate (BMR)

  • Hormones and other compounds that increase appetite are referred to as orexigenic substances 

  • Those that decrease appetite are referred to as anorexigenic substances 

  • Genes influence body shape, distribution of fat, number of fat cells, amount of brown fat, and whether the body will convert excess calories into fat.

  • One gene, named obese or o b, for short, causes fat cells to secrete an anorexigenic protein, which researchers have named leptin

  • Leptin enables the hypothalamus to regulate appetite and metabolism.

  • The hormone ghelin spurs appetite and leptin reduces it.

The biology of love

  • Passionate love is a whirlwind of intense emotions and sexual passion

  • Companionate love characterized by affection and trust

  • Various brain chemicals and hormones are associated with bonding and trust like vasopressin and oxytocin

  • The Role of Endorphins: the rushes of pleasure and reward associated with romantic passion are created by: Endorphins and Dopamine

  • When in love, people form different kinds of attachments.

  • Attachment theory views adult love relationships, like those of infants, as being:

  • Secure: ex being confident and not worried about your partner 

  • Anxious: ex clingy and worry their partner will leave them 

  • Avoidant: ex avoiding relationships bc of fear of getting hurt

  • Human sexuality is influenced by a blend of factors: biological, psychological, and cultural

  • Masters and Johnson’s “four stages of the sexual response cycle” include: desire, arousal (excitement), orgasm, resolution

  • One biological factor that promotes sexual desire across sexes is the hormone 

  • testosterone, an androgen (masculinizing hormone). 

    • Increasing/decreasing testosterone in people with low sex drive or people who commit sex crimes isn't usually helpful. Testosterone is male-dominant but also found in females 

Motives for sex

  • Physical: The satisfaction and pleasure of sex and the stress reduction benefit.

  • Goal attainment: To make a living, to get status, or to exact revenge 

  • Emotional: To express intimacy and commitment with your partner.

  • Insecurity: Reassurance that one is attractive, the desire to impress other or to “keep” a partner. 

  • Cultures transmit ideas about sexuality through:

  • Gender roles: A collection of rules that determine “proper” attitudes and behaviours.

  • Sexual scripts: A set of implicit rules that specific’s proper sexual behaviour for a person in a given situation, varying with the person’s gender, age, sexual orientation, religion, social status, and peer group. 

THE EFFECTS OF MOTIVATION ON WORK 

  • A goal is most likely to improve your motivation and performance when certain conditions are met:

  • The goal is specific.

  • The goal is challenging but achievable.

  • The goal is set publicly.

  • The goal is framed in terms of getting what you want rather than avoiding what you do not want.

  • Approach goal is an enjoyable and pleasant incentive that a person is drawn toward, such as praise, financial reward, or a feeling of satisfaction: ex joining hockey team bc you want to get better and be apart of a team

  • Avoidance goal is an attempt to avoid an unpleasant outcome such as shame, embarrassment, losing money, or feeling emotional pain. ex joining hockey team only cause your friends are but your scared of failing In front of them

  • Performance Goals: framed in terms of performing well in front of others, being judged favorably, and avoiding criticism. 

  • Mastery (learning) goals: Framed in terms of increasing one’s competence and skills. 

  • Another contributor to success is self-control.

  • The ability to regulate attention, emotion, and behavior in the presence of temptation.

  • Self-confidence and grit both contribute to the attainment of goals.

  • Grit is a sustained dedication to a passionate interest with determination and effort over a period of years.

  • Self-efficacy is the belief that one is capable of producing desired results, such as mastering new skills and reaching goals.