religion exam multiple choice terms

Monotheistic: belief of one god

Polytheistic: belief of more than one god

Syncretism: the fusion of various religious forms and views

Hinduism 

Samsara: The endless cycle of rebirths.

Dharma: religious or moral duty

Karma: The totality of one's actions; the accumulation of good or bad karma determines one's birth in his or her next life.

Moksha: Liberation of the soul from the endless cycle of rebirths; attained by uniting the atman with the Brahman. It is the ultimate goal of Hindus.

Reincarnation: the atman (soul), lives on after death and takes on a new body

Brahma: the deity creator of the universe, part of the holy trinity

Who is:

-Vishnu:  A deity who is considered the preserver of the universe

-Shiva: A deity who is considered the destroyer and restorer of the universe.

Trimurti: Hindu "Trinity". A concept that unites the gods Brahma creator, Vishnu preserver, and Shiva destroyer, into one entity.

Puja: the act of worship and offering to deities

Yoga: A practice or discipline combining philosophy with physical exercises and meditation;
union with God.

Brahman: the universal soul and supreme being; the eternal spirit from which all things originate and to which they return

Path to salvation/moksha: Hinduism the path of selfless actions (Karma-yoga), the path of knowledge (Jnana-yoga), and the path of devotion (Bhakti-yoga)

What religion was Gandi? a hindu Vaishnavism

Judaism

Abraham: Considered the father of the Jewish people; God made a covenant with him promising land and descendants.

Moses: Led the Israelites out of Egypt (Exodus), received the Torah on Mount Sinai.

-Orthodox Jews: they believe the torah is from heaven, spoken and written word passed down from generations. they do not change gods teachings and are very traditional

-Hasidic: A mystical and ultra-Orthodox movement. they Emphasize joy, prayer, and devotion to God, often under leadership of a Rebbe.

-Zionist Jews: Support the return to and development of the land of Israel as a Jewish homeland. Can belong to any denomination.

-Reformed Jews: they believe the torah was from humans, and that German jews should be part of culture, no gender segregation, woman can have more freedom

Kosher: fulfilling the requirements of the Jewish dietary laws of Kashruth

Kashrut: The set of Jewish dietary laws.

Prophet: A person chosen by God to deliver messages to the people 

How many Jewish commandments are there? There are 613 commandments in total.

When was the 2^nd Temple destroyed, who destroyed it? Destruction of the Second Temple:
Year: 70 CE By: The Romans during a Jewish revolt.

Synagogue: a place for congregational worship emerged during the exile after the temples were destroyed.

Hanukkah: marks the Maccabean revolt and redirection of the temple in jerusalem. a sacred lamp burned for 8 days straight and it is commemorated with the menorah

Torah: the law of Moses, Hebrew Scriptures, and the entire belief system of Jewish faith

Tanakh: the jewish bible consisting of the torah, the prophets and the writings.

Christianity

Founder of Christianity: Jesus Christ the messiah

Creed: a philosophy or set of beliefs

Most important holiday of Christianity? Christmas. What does it Celebrate? the birth of Jesus

What day of the week was Jesus crucified on? Good Friday What day did he rise from the dead? Easter sunday

Pentecost/Birthday of the Church: festival commemorating the descent of the holy spirit upon the apostles to help them spread christianity

What is Baptism for? removing original sin and initiation into the church

Synoptic Gospels: matthew, mark and luke

Trinity: Jesus God and the Holy Spirit are all one

Roman Persecution of Christians, Constantine, The Great Schism, Crusades, Martin Luther.

Roman Persecution of Christians

• Early Christians were punished by the Romans for not worshipping Roman gods. Many were killed for their beliefs.
  
  

• This lasted for about 300 years until Christianity was accepted.

Emperor Constantine

• First Roman emperor to become Christian. In 313 CE, he made Christianity legal (Edict of Milan).
  
  

• Helped organize the church and supported Christian leaders.

The Great Schism (1054 CE)

• The Christian Church split in two:
  
  

  • Roman Catholic Church (West, led by the Pope)
    
    

  • Eastern Orthodox Church (East, led by Patriarchs)

The Crusades (1096–1291)

• A series of religious wars where Christians tried to take back the Holy Land from Muslims.

Martin Luther and the Reformation (1517)

• Martin Luther was a German monk who disagreed with the Catholic Church's corruption. This started the Protestant Reformation, a movement that led to new Christian churches (Lutheran, Baptist). 

Islam

Ramadan: Muslims during this month are expected to follow a strict fasting schedule from sunrise until sunset, in which they are restricted from eating/drinking

• Significance: This festival allows Muslims to strengthen their relationship with God while developing their spiritual piety, perseverance and patience.

Abraham: prophet and messenger of God

Ka’ba: 🕋 the most sacred structure, towards which Muslims pray.

Mecca: place of pilgrimage, location of the foundation of islamic faith, location of the Kaba.

Qur’an: holy book of written recording of the statements of Allah spoken by Mohammed, a messenger of God’s word.

Hadith: The Hadith is a collection of narratives about the prophet Muhammad. It was written long after his passing and classified by varying degrees of authenticity.

Founder of Islam: muhammad

Definition of Islam: submission. refers to a muslims attempt to fulfill allah’s will as revealed by their holy book and the example of mohammed and his life.

What is a believer in Islam called? muslim

Shahadah: a statement of faith recited by muslims

5 pillars of Islam, what are they? core practices of islamic faith

1. Shahadah: a statement of faith

2. Salat: mandatory prayer 5 times a day at set times

3. Zakat: 2.5% donation of wealth

4. Sawm: ramadan fasting

5. Hajj: mandatory pilgrimage to mecca

What are the two major sects of Islam? Sunni and Shia

Sunni: follow prophets teachings from mohammed (sunnah), leadership (succesor of mohammed) is chosen not passed down.

Shia: believe that leadership should stay in descendants line -> follows the 12 imams, smaller sect of the two

Imam: cleric, ​​the person who leads prayers in a mosque.