ch. 13 part 1

Feminism: A belief in the social, political, and economic equality of the sexes.
Key Quote: "The radical notion that women are people."
Cultural Statement: The future is female.

Presented in Chapter 13, Department of Criminal Justice & Criminology, Loyola University Chicago.

Professor of Women’s Studies at the University of Hawai‘i.
Fellow (1996) at the American Society of Criminology (ASC).
Received the Distinguished Scholar Award (1994) from the Division on Women & Crime, ASC.
Author of significant works like Girls, Delinquency, and Juvenile Justice (1992) and recipient of the Hindelang Award (1992).

Key Demands:
- Social equality.
- Legislative changes:
- Equal Pay Act (1963).
- Title IX (1972).
- Women's Education Equity Act (1974).
- Equal Credit Opportunity Act (1974).
- Pregnancy Discrimination Act (1978).
- Women's/reproductive rights advocacy:
- Griswold v. Connecticut (1965): Struck down contraception bans for married couples.
- Eisenstadt v. Baird (1972): Legalized contraception for all.
- Roe v. Wade (1973): Legalized first-trimester abortion.
- Protection against domestic violence through the Violence Against Women Act (1994).

Characteristics:
- Emphasis on diversity; no single definition of femininity.
- Focus on social construction of gender and intersectionality.
- Acknowledgment of class, race/ethnicity, and sexuality's effects.
- Critique of the criminal justice response to violence against women.
- Less focus on women’s empowerment in justice systems.

Critique of Traditional Criminology: Identified as male-centric, failing to account for gender in criminological theory and policy.
Patriarchy:
- Defined as a fundamental principle of societal organization.
- Males hold superior rights and privileges, while women's rights are subordinated.
- Criminal justice (CJ) policies reflect male dominance and support patriarchal structures.

Commitment to understanding intersectionality in criminal justice.
Analysis of women’s unique positions in male-dominated fields: policing, corrections.
Examination of masculinity and the gender gap in serious crime.
Critique of negative media portrayal of minority women and girls.
Recognition of women’s studies as essential to developing global feminist criminology.

Overview: The justice system is male-dominated, with chivalrous attitudes leading to leniency for women offenders.
Key Points:
- Male officials view women as objects deserving admiration, impacting their treatment in the system.
- Results in increased leniency for girls/women in the juvenile justice system (JJS) compared to boys.

Chivalry as Paternalism:
- Women viewed as too weak to handle traditional punishments.
Impacts:
- Increased leniency towards certain women in the name of protection but harsher treatment towards those violating traditional femininity.
Selectivity Hypothesis:
- More leniency given to middle-class and white women, while harsher punishments are imposed on poor and minority women.

Mixed Evidence: Some studies show increased punitive treatment of female offenders, especially among minorities and the poor.
Arrest patterns indicate:
- Increased arrests for minor status offenses among girls.
- The system 'sexualizes' girls' offenses threatening traditional gender roles.
- Efforts to decriminalize status offenses in the 1970s led to a paradox of rising assaults rather than a decrease in girls' arrests.

Focus on the shift of non-criminal referrals for girls to residential psychiatric facilities, indicating systemic issues within the juvenile justice system.