Bio Chem and Physics test

Q: What does the atomic number represent?
A: The number of protons (and electrons in a neutral atom).

Q: What does the atomic mass represent?
A: The number of protons + neutrons.

Q: What do groups on the periodic table tell you?
A: The number of valence electrons and chemical properties.

Q: What do periods on the periodic table tell you?
A: The number of electron shells.

Q: How does atomic radius change down a group?
A: It increases because more shells are added.

Q: Why are Group 1 alkali metals highly reactive?
A: They have one valence electron that they lose easily to become stable.

Q: How does atomic radius affect reactivity in metals?
A: Larger radius = easier to lose electrons = more reactive.

Q: Describe ionic bonding.
A: Transfer of electrons from a metal to a non-metal, forming oppositely charged ions.

Q: Describe covalent bonding.
A: Sharing of valence electrons between two non-metals.

Q: Example of a polar covalent bond?
A: H₂O (unequal sharing of electrons)

Q: Example of a non-polar covalent bond?
A: O₂ (equal sharing of electrons)

Q: Why do ionic compounds have high melting points?
A: Strong electrostatic attraction between ions.

Q: Why do covalent compounds have low melting points?
A: Weak forces between molecules.

Q: What is a Lewis dot diagram?
A: A diagram that shows only valence electrons as dots around the chemical symbol.

Q: What is a Bohr diagram?
A: A diagram showing all electron shells around the nucleus.

🧬 BIOLOGY FLASHCARDS

Chromosomes & Karyotypes

Q: What are chromosomes made of?
A: DNA tightly coiled around histone proteins.

Q: What is chromatin?
A: Uncoiled DNA found in the nucleus when the cell isn’t dividing.

Q: What is a gene?
A: A segment of DNA that codes for a protein.

Q: What are sister chromatids?
A: Identical copies of a chromosome, joined at the centromere.

Q: How many chromosomes do humans have?
A: 46 total (23 pairs). Gametes have 23.

Q: What is a karyotype?
A: A visual of chromosomes arranged by size and shape, used to detect abnormalities.

Mitosis

Q: What is the purpose of mitosis?
A: Growth, repair, and asexual reproduction.

Q: How many cells are produced by mitosis?
A: 2 identical diploid cells.

Q: What happens in prophase of mitosis?
A: Chromatin condenses, spindle forms, nuclear membrane dissolves.

Q: What happens in metaphase?
A: Chromosomes line up at the center, spindle attaches to centromeres.

Q: What happens in anaphase?
A: Spindle pulls sister chromatids to opposite poles.

Q: What happens in telophase?
A: Nuclear membrane reforms, chromatids uncoil.

Q: What is cytokinesis?
A: Division of the cytoplasm into two identical cells.

Meiosis

Q: What is the purpose of meiosis?
A: To create 4 unique haploid gametes for sexual reproduction.

Q: What happens in Prophase I?
A: Chromosomes pair up, crossing over occurs.

Q: What is crossing over?
A: Exchange of DNA between homologous chromosomes for genetic variation.

Q: What is independent assortment?
A: Random alignment of homologous pairs during Metaphase I.

Q: How is Meiosis II similar to mitosis?
A: It separates sister chromatids.

Q: End result of meiosis?
A: 4 genetically different haploid cells.

🧬 INHERITANCE & GENETICS FLASHCARDS

Q: What is an allele?
A: A different version of a gene.

Q: What is a dominant allele?
A: It masks the effect of the recessive allele.

Q: What is a recessive allele?
A: Only expressed when both alleles are recessive.

Q: What is a genotype?
A: The genetic makeup (e.g., Bb, BB, bb).

Q: What is a phenotype?
A: The physical trait expressed.

Q: What does homozygous mean?
A: Two identical alleles (e.g., BB or bb).

Q: What does heterozygous mean?
A: Two different alleles (e.g., Bb).

Q: What is a Punnett square used for?
A: Predicting genotypes and phenotypes of offspring.

Q: Why are males more affected by X-linked traits?
A: Males only have one X chromosome, so recessive traits show up if present.

🧠 PHYSICS FLASHCARDS

Q: What is the difference between distance and displacement?
A: Distance = total path; Displacement = straight line from start to end with direction.

Q: What is a scalar quantity?
A: Has magnitude only (e.g., speed, distance).

Q: What is a vector quantity?
A: Has magnitude and direction (e.g., velocity, displacement).

Q: Formula for speed?
A: Speed = Distance ÷ Time

Q: Formula for velocity?
A: Velocity = Displacement ÷ Time

Q: What does a flat line on a distance-time graph mean?
A: The object is stationary.

Q: What does a steeper slope mean on a distance-time graph?
A: Higher speed.

Q: What does a downward slope on a displacement-time graph mean?
A: The object is returning or moving in the opposite direction.

Q: What does the area under a velocity-time graph show?
A: Displacement.

Q: What does the slope of a velocity-time graph represent?
A: Acceleration.