Unit 4: 1800-1848 Big Ideas

• In the Era of Jefferson, political parties continued to argue about policy, the Supreme Court established its role in American government, and the U.S. greatly expanded its territorial holdings

  • Debates over

    • US relationships with European powers

      • Barbary Pirates

        • Federalists payed tribute to the pirates

        • Jefferson opposed to it, negociated to lower tribute through conflicts

    • powers of the fed gov

      • dem-rep: strict constructionist

      • federalists: loose constructionist

    • debates over us territorial holdings

      • Louisana purchase: Brought under TJ(violates the strict construction), from Spain

        • Lewis and Clark

    • supreme court: get almost no love from constitution

      • under John marshall: Marbury V Madison

        • gives the supreme court judicial review

        • the final saying to say if something in constitutional or not

• As federal power grew during this period, regional interests often conflicted with and opposed it.

  • War of 1812: britain insulted the national honor through impressment

    • Impressment: the capture of US people and work under British Navy

    • significant opposition from the war from Federalists

      • hartford convention

      • led to the demise of the federalist party

    • proved that th8e federalists are out of touch

  • Henry Clay: American system(unify the American economy through fed funded internal improvements’

    • regional resistance from the south:

      • James Madison Vetos some one the system, believed that it would disadvantage the south

  • westward expansion

    • Missouri will enter as a free state by the tallmadge amendment(no further slaves could be imported into the state and all children born after Missouri's admission to the Union shall be born free)

    • wanted to keep the balance in the senate, the annex of Missouri will tip the balance in the senate as it will create advantage of

    • compromise of 1820/missouri compromise

      • missouri as a slave state

      • 36-30 line, no slaves to the north

• During this period, the United states sought to establish its place as an independent nation on the world stage by claiming territory an consolidating control over the western hemisphere

  • 49 parallel of Canada

  • adam onis treaty: Florida from spain

  • movement to establish authority in the entire western hemisphere

    • Monroe doctrine: establishes US as a sphere of influence

      • europeans no intervening

      • belongs to the united states

• The Market Revolution was the linking of Northern Industry with Western and southern farms which was created by advances in technology and had significant effects on the society and culture of the UNited States

  • Tech: Cotton Gin, spinning jenny

    • sped up the process of mass production

  • interchangeable parts: making one part at a time to increase production(the American system of manufacturing)

    • allows non skilled workers to work in factories to boost econ

  • Steam Engine:

    • Trains, locatmotive, ships

      • quicker transport

      • more goods

      • economically “sauced”

  • Erie Canal: linked the Atlantic ocean to the new york to lake erie, increased trade

  • Immigration:

    • 2 million immigrants in eastern seabaord in manufacturing

    • some moved to established homesteads

    • tenements, maintained cultured, ethnic enclaves

  • Rise of the Middle Class: general growing prosperity in the society

    • first to the north

  • women: Cult of Domesticity

    • men and women had separate spheres

    • women is bound up to childbearing and providing home

• During this period, the demand for expanding democracy manifested itself in universal white male suffrage and the growing influence of political parties

  • panic of 1819: down turn in the economy from irresponsible banking practices

    • laboring men were hit the hardest, but they could not vote

    • which lead to universal white male suffrage

  • realignment of political parties

    • demise of the federalists

    • Split with the dem-rep

      • national republican→Whigs(loose constructionist)(fed 2.0)

      • Democrats(strict constructions

• President Andrew Jackson made profound use of federal power on issues like the national bank, tariffs, federally funded internal improvements, and the forcible removal of American Indians from their lands.

  • Tariffs of Aboninitions: increased Tariffs by 50%

    • favored the north

    • south in unhappy

      • South Carolina deemed that it was unconstitutional, John C Caloun encouraged to nullify

      • Andrew Jackson reinforced federal law with fed troops(Force Bill)

  • Bank war

    • Jackson believed that the national bank favored the wealthy, vetod the recharter of the bank

    • expansion of fed powers

  • indian removal act: Removed from eastern indians to western reservations

    • trail of tears, lots of death of indians while trying to march to the reservations

    • deemed it unconstitutional, but did it anyway s

  • demonstrated the increasing power of the fed government

• Americans labored during this period to define a distinct American Identity through language, philosophy, art, and religion

  • Transcendentalism: Human perfectibility, beautify of nature

    • Ralph Waldo Emerson

    • Henry David Through

  • Art: Hudson river school

    • romtanised landscapes

  • Second Great awakening: moral reformation of society

    • compared to First(personal), more of society

    • Charles Finny: spread the revival in mostly urban areas

• The rise of democratic and indicualistic beliefs and the social changes brought on by the Market Revolution led to significant effort to reform American Society

  • Abolition:

    • William Loyyed Garrison

    • Anti American Slave Soceity

    • emancipation in the north

  • south is taken up by the slves

    • nat turners rebellion

      • resulted in fear from the whites

      • made conditions harder in the south

    • covert and over resistance

  • Women’’s movement

    • Seneca Falls Convention: drafting of the Declaration of Sentiment

      • calls for equal legal rights, education

• Although the majority of southern white people did not own enslaved people, southern culture ensured that the institution of slavery was part of the south’s way of life and thus, it was to be protected

  • Most farmers are Yomen farmers without slaves, but still believed the right of slavery and the south heiracy

    • south in strictly defined by agriculture

    • because of the plantation of cotton, led to the soil being bad

    • started to moving in west, with bringing slavery ideas

Unit 5: 1844-1877 big ideas

• Many Americans believed it was their Manifest Destiny to expand their nation over the whole of the North American continent

  • God-given right to expand to the west of the pacific ocean

    • more resources

    • religious persuction

    • more economic oppunity

  • legislation

    • preemption acts: Cheap land to any who would move there and establish a homestead

  • California gold rush: huge migration westward

  • southern also moved westward

• Mexican American war was caused by the annexation of Texas and resulted in large territorial gains for the United States

  • Belonged to Mexico, but lots of ameircan lived there

    • rebelled against Mexico bc of the Mexican laws

  • Texas wanted to be a state of United States

    • war would meant for war

  • John Tylor did it anyway

  • Mexican American war

    • the treaty of Guadalupe hildago: established the boarder

    • huge territorial gained

  • Wilmot Promiso: No slave from the land gained from Mexican American war(struck down by symbolises the conflict over slavery)

• Further acquisition of land led to an increasingly bitter debate over the future of slavery in America, which was temporarily resolved in the compromise of 1850

  • all the land caused conlicts over slavery

    • souther position: slavery should be allowed, Missouri compromise determined this already

    • Free soil: northern democrat and Whigs wanted it to be free

    • Popular soviginty: let the territory determine for themselves

      • California and New Mexico wanted to be free states

  • Compromise of 1850:

    • Mexican secession would decide by popular sovignity

    • California would be free

    • no more slave trade in DC

    • Stricter fugitive slave laws

      • make northern responsible for runaway slaves

• As more immigrants arrived in America, they created ethnic enclaes where they preserved their culture and faced opposition from nativists

  • Irish and Germans arrived because of economic difficulty

    • Irish stayed in the urban

    • Germans mostly went west

  • stiff opposition: nativists(no-nothing party)

    • anti-catholic

• tension over slavery increased because of conflicting regional labor ideologies, a ferven abolitionist movement in the North, and the argument of southerners regarding the constitutionality of slavery

  • northernes didn’t object slavery as immoral, believed that free slaves would compete over work, lower wages

    • free soil movement: slavery is incompatible with paid labor

  • furthered by abolitionism

    • underground railroad: helped slaves to escape to the north

  • south protected the slavery

    • based on the white supremacy

      • black ppl are less than white ppl

• All attempt to compromise over slavery ultimately failed, which led to the rise of sectional political parties

  • Kansas-Nebraska territory

    • Decide by popular sovinity

    • Bleeding Kansas

      • further division over slavery

  • dread scott decision: basically made slavery legal everywhere in the union

  • John Brown Raid on Harbor Fury

    • really made thing tense

    • wanted to help the south slaves

  • policial parties

    • southern democrats: wanted slavery

    • Norhern republicans: whigs, free soilers, containment of slavery

• The election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860 without a single electoral vote from the south led to the secession of the southern states

  • lincoln didn’t want to abolish slavery

    • southern voice no longer mattered

  • secession of south Carolina and other followed and created the confederacy

    • inorder to protect slave right

    • and state right

• even though the north and the south mobilized their entire economies and societies to fight the civil war, the north(union) ultimately won because of several strategic advantages

  • cutting the south from outside aid

  • south

    • superior generals

  • North

    • more population

    • industry

    • banks

    • 70% of the nation RR

    • Lincoln

  • emanciplation proclamation

    • enabled the Britian to not help south since they needed the cotton

• After the Civil War, America entered a period of Reconstruction which abolished slavery, amended the Consitution significantly, and south to reunify the North and the South

  • 13th Amendment: Abolished Slavery

  • 14th amendment: states provide everyone equal protection and citizenship

  • 15th amendment: voting rights for previous black men

  • South remained occupy by northern soldiers

    • debate over how southern treated

      • lincoln : minium polan

      • Andrew Johnson: Radical republicans, punish the south

        • led to more tension

• reconstruction ultimately failed because of Northern weariness of forcing southerners into submission and southern insistence on maintain their pre-civil war society

  • Sharecropping: previous slaves made contracts with the land owners to a founding contracts which is basically slavery

  • KKK to terrorise the Blacks and minority groups

  • Blacks codes: stops the blacks from borrowing money from the banks or owning land

  • Plessy V Fergerson: allowed the racial segregation of society, separate but equal

    • separate but definitely not equal

  • north got tired from reconstruction

    • contested election of 1876: the compromise of 1877

      • Let Robert B haydes be president, but remove all troops from the south

  • no one were there to reinforce anti discrimination laws

Unit 6: 1865-1898 Big Ideas

• In this period, continued westward migration and the advent of transcontinental railroad systems helped unify the nation’s economy, in many cases in favor of industrialists and at the expense of farmers

  • RR linked the nation together, created a market for goods and migration

    • encouraged mass production and mass production

    • land grants for RR companies

    • mainly benefitted the urban areas

  • created a national market for the crops

    • but they need RR to send the Crops

  • Naitonal Grange Movemetn

    • defend farmers against trusts and RR exploitation

    • Victoryu in the Interstate commerace acts

      • reasonable prices for RR

• Americans moved westward for a variety of reason s, including economic opportunity and self-sufficiency, but the continued push west led to increasingly bitter conflicts with American Indians, living in those lands.

  • Homestead Acts: land grants to homesteaders, who would move and settle on them

    • led to conflicts with the NA

  • RR also caused the Indian Problem

    • will assign tracks of land where the indians could live

    • resistance to the movement

      • Sioux war: successful at first

        • passageof the indian appropriation act: nullified all previous treaties that had been made with the NA nations with the congress

      • Sioux war again: NA defeat(resistance broken

    • Assimilation movement: tries to make the NA blend in the with the Americans

      • Dawes Act: Broke up tribal lands into plots, and give them citizenship if they agrees to settle on those lands and assimilate into American culture

• Despite significant effort to creat a “new South,” the southern states entrenched themselves in racial segregation and a continuing adherence to agriculture.

  • the new south: more industrial instead of Agricultural

    • ultimately failed

    • remained agricultural

    • remained the same interms of racial heiracy

  • Jim crow laws: segregated every part of southern economy

    • lynch mobs

    • KKK

  • Resistance

    • Ido B wells: against lynching

• Techological innovation created the occasion for the rise and expansion of industrial capitalism

  • Greater access to natural resources

  • Bessemer process: stronger steel for the RR

    • steel was the main building of the 2nd industrial rev

• Large-scale industrial production transformed the American economy during the Gilded Age.

  • Vertical Integration: Andrew Carigne, brought all the people in the process

  • Horizontal Integration: John D Rockefeller, buy all the competitors

  • become a monopoly/trust

    • this was possible due to the gov at the time: lazzie-faire, hands-off

  • But hands on labor abuse

    • almost always sided on the big corpos

  • Social Darwinism: The strong eat the weak, rich deserve to survive

  • Gospel of Wealth: Justification of the wealthy, the rich had a moral obligation to help the poor

• While some Americans’ standard of living improved, many in the labor sector found their lives unsustainable and fought for better treatment

  • Area of the Middle class

  • the rise of labor unions

    • Knights of Labor

      • unskilled labors

      • Haymarket riots which lead to the down fall

    • American federaltion of Labor

      • Bread and Butter issues

• The industrial workforce expanded and bacme more diverse through internal and international migration

  • 2nd immigration: Europeans and Asains

    • Escape poverty

    • religion

    • mostly settled into culture enclaves

  • Migration within America

    • exoduster movement: black ppl to move to the midwest to became farmers

      • fleeing the south to get out of the persuction under the system of Jim crow

• As immigration increased during the Gilded AGe, immigrants faced opposition from nativists and labor unions, but found help through private welfare programs like settlement houses

  • Immigrants undermined the efforts of the Labor unions because they could work for lower wages during the gilded age

  • nativists: American protective association

    • anti catholic

  • Chinese excultion act

    • no more Chinese immigration for a decade

    • first race based immimigration law

  • social darwanism

    • Irish ones will just degrade the gene pool

  • Jane adams and the settlement houses

    • helped the immigrants asslimated into US society

    • helped with english

    • helped with jobs

    • hullhouse

• Various groups sought to reform American society and economics into a more equitable reality

  • the social gospel

    • Christians believed that it should not just applied to person, but also society

    • fix poverty as Christians

  • increasing interest in socialism

    • lots of people are interested in the message of equality

      • eugene v debbs: socialism as the cure for the sick of the gilded age

      • ran for president 5 times, but never won

    • due to the gilded age of power and econ imbalance

  • populist movement

    • represent the farmers

    • The omaha platform

      • direct election of senators

      • initives and referenda

      • unlimited coinage of silver

    • not much progress

    • important because the concerns will be picked up by the progressives

  • women

    • huge push for women suffrage

    • NAWSA: National American women suffrage association

    • push for prohibition

    • WCTU, anti saloon league

    • women could be seen to be more politically involved in social reforms because they could not get political strength

• Politics in the Gilded Age continued to resemble party divisions lingering from the civil war, and they contended on the proper place of government in American Life

  • Parties

    • Democrats

    • republiucans

    • mostly the same before the civil war

  • patronage

    • if you support a president, could hope for a job in the white house

    • ousted by the Pendleton act

      • replaced the patronage system with the civil service examination: getting a job because you are the most qualifief

  • corruption: political machines

    • Tammy hall: boss tweed

    • helped the people in exchange for their votes