Evolutionary Relationships and Cytochrome c Protein

Overview of Cytochrome c Protein

• Cytochrome c is a vital protein involved in the electron transport chain within mitochondria.

• Variations in the amino acid sequences of cytochrome c provide insights into evolutionary relationships among species.

Key Concepts of Evolutionary Relationships

• Evolutionary relationships among species are often assessed through genetic comparisons, including protein sequences.

• Advances in technology, such as DNA sequencing and bioinformatics, have refined our understanding of how organisms are related.

Analysis of Table 10.2: Differences in Amino Acid Sequences

• Table 10.2 illustrates the differences in amino acid sequences of cytochrome c protein across six species:

  • Horse

  • Donkey

  • Whale

  • Chicken

  • Penguin

  • Snake

Differences Between Species:

• Horse vs.

  • Donkey: 0 differences

  • Whale: 1 difference

  • Chicken: 5 differences

  • Penguin: 11 differences

  • Snake: 13 differences

• Donkey vs.

  • Whale: 4 differences

  • Chicken: 10 differences

  • Penguin: 12 differences

  • Snake: 20 differences

• Whale vs.

  • Chicken: 9 differences

  • Penguin: 10 differences

  • Snake: 18 differences

• Chicken vs.

  • Penguin: 17 differences

  • Snake: 0 differences

Specific Calculations

• Differences between Chicken and Penguin: 17 differences.

• Differences between Whale and Penguin: 10 differences.