Development

Culture and Individualized Care

• Importance of holistic care in nursing, considering individual culture for personalized treatment.

Key Principles of Growth & Development

• Orderly and Sequential: Growth occurs in predictable stages and milestones.
  • Example: A child learns to pull up, then stand, then walk. Each skill builds on the previous one.
• Continuous and Complex: Development is continuous throughout life and complex due to individual differences.
  • Example: Not all children meet developmental milestones at the same time.

Regular and Predictable Trends in Development

1. Cephalocaudal trend: Development progresses from head to toe.
   • Initial head control before sitting, standing, and walking.
2. Proximal-distal trend: Development occurs from the center of the body outward.
   • Learning gross motor skills (like grasping) before fine motor skills (like writing).
3. Symmetrical Development: Both sides of the body develop evenly during growth.

Differentiation and Integration in Growth

• Differentiated Component: Nervous systems develop in response to stimuli, refining paths over time.
• Integrated Component: Mastery of one skill lays the foundation for learning the next.
  • Example: A baby learns to stand before walking.

Individual Factors Affecting Growth

• Genetic Factors: Genes influence height, eye color, predisposition to certain conditions (e.g., Down syndrome).
• Environmental Factors: Living conditions and caregiver stability impact development.
• Psychosocial Factors: Relationships with caregivers influence developmental growth.
• Nutrition: Affects physical growth and cognitive development.

The Role of Caregivers

• Maternal Factors: Maternal age, prenatal care, and health behavior (e.g., substance abuse) influence fetal development.
• Important to assess environmental and caregiving backgrounds to support growth optimization.

Developmental Theories

Sigmund Freud: Psychoanalytic Theory

• Focus: Instinctual drives, especially sexuality.
  • Components of Mind:
  • Unconscious: Deeply seated memories influencing behavior.
  • Id: Seeks instant gratification; focused on desires.
  • Defense Mechanisms: How we cope with stress and prevent anxiety.
  • Ego: Mediates the id and the realities of the world.
• Stages of Development:
  1. Oral Stage (0-18 months): Exploration through mouth.
  2. Anal Stage (18 months - 3 years): Control during potty training.
  3. Phallic Stage (3-6 years): Identification with same-sex parent/norm awareness.
  4. Latency Stage (6-puberty): Social interactions and skill development.
  5. Genital Stage (puberty onward): Mature sexual relationships.

Jean Piaget: Cognitive Development Theory

• Focus: How learning and understanding occur.
• Main Processes: Assimilation (fitting new info to existing schemas) and Accommodation (