Ettinghausen, Grabar and Jenkins_Madina, Ch3_Western Islamic Lands

CHAPTER 3: Western Islamic Lands

3.1 Overview of Cultural Development

  • Early Centuries of Islamic Rule: Cultural life in western Islamic lands evolved around:

    • Ifriqiya (modern-day Tunisia) under Aghlabid rulers with Qayrawan as the capital.

    • Al-Andalus, referring to all regions of the Iberian Peninsula under Muslim rule.

  • Key Cultural Figures: Ali ibn Nafi' (Ziryab) introduced refined manners and cultural practices to the far West.

3.2 The Umayyads of Spain

  • Significant Historical Context: After fleeing the Abbasid massacre of Umayyad princes, 'Abd al-Rahman ibn Mu'awiya established himself as a governor in al-Andalus.

  • Cultural Contributions: The Umayyad dynasty in Spain brought immense cultural and artistic advancements, especially during the 10th century under Caliphs 'Abd al-Rahman III and al-Hakam II.

  • Cordoba: By the 10th century, Cordoba flourished as one of the wealthiest and most brilliant cities in Europe, influencing both Islamic and Christian cultures.

3.3 Architecture of the Umayyad Period

  • Great Mosque of Cordoba:

    • Construction Phases: Built in four distinct phases:

      • First Mosque: 784-86; basic structure with 12 naves.

      • First Expansion: Under 'Abd al-Rahman II; hall lengthened and widened.

      • Second Expansion: Al-Hakam II added 12 more bays and significant domes, enhancing the mosque's grandeur.

3.3.1 Architectural Innovations

  • Arches and Domes:

    • Development of polylobed arches and complex dome forms, highlighting the architectural uniqueness of Al-Andalus.

    • Influence of pre-Islamic structures; columns and capitals were often repurposed in construction.

  • Innovative Structure: Heightened building through double tiers of arches, creating intricate patterns of light and shadow.

3.4 Key Monuments and Artifacts

  • Madinat al-Zahra: A palatial complex near Cordoba, showcasing luxury and artistic innovation.

    • Comprised of various ceremonial halls and gardens, reflecting Umayyad grandeur.

  • The Mihrab and Decorative Arts: Unique features include significant inscriptions, lavish decorative schemes, and innovations in Islamic decorative arts.

  • Carved Ivory and Pottery: Objects produced in al-Andalus, such as intricate ivories and ceramics, reflect a blend of local styles with influences from the broader Islamic world.

3.5 Art of the Book

  • Blue Qur'an:

    • Notable for its exceptional materials – written in gold on blue parchment, influenced by Byzantine practices.

  • Calligraphy and Illumination: Manuscripts produced during this period highlighted the significance of script and artistry in Islamic culture.

3.6 Conclusion

  • Cultural Synthesis: The integration of local elements with broader Islamic traditions in architecture, art, and literature defined the cultural landscape of western Islamic lands.

  • Legacy: The artistic and cultural achievements of al-Andalus had a lasting influence on both the Islamic world and Christian Europe, shaping future artistic practices and architectural styles.

3.7 Key Themes

  • Cultural Exchange: The interaction of Islamic and Christian cultures in the Iberian Peninsula resulted in unique artistic expressions.

  • Architectural Innovations: Developments in mosque architecture reflect a synthesis of forms, materials, and cultural influences, showcasing a distinctive style of Islamic art.