FD

Exam Study Notes

Water Properties

  • Attraction between water molecules: Polar molecules exhibit hydrogen bonding.

  • Table salt (NaCl) dissolves in water: Ions attracted to opposite charges.

  • Adhesion: Water sticks to a surface.

  • Cohesion: Water molecules attract each other.

  • Surface Tension: Caused by cohesion and adhesion.

  • Polarity: Makes hydrogen bonds possible, great solvent.

  • Solid (ice): Slow-moving molecules.

  • Liquid: Molecules move more freely.

  • Ice is less dense than liquid water.

Experiment Variables

  • Dependent variable: Plant height.

  • Independent variable: Ammonium nitrate.

Molecules in the Cell Membrane

  • Lipids: separate internal/external environments.

Atoms in Molecules

  • Amino acids: Carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen.

  • Fatty acids: Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen.

  • Key difference: Amino acids contain nitrogen.

Carbohydrates

  • Macromolecules for energy.

  • Monosaccharides are building blocks.

  • Components: Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen.

Aquatic Birds and Lipids

  • Waxy substances repel water, mostly lipids.

Carbohydrates in Diet

  • Broken down in cells for energy.

Enzyme Activity and pH

  • Optimum pH: Highest enzyme activity.

Macromolecules

  • Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides, C, H, O.

  • Proteins: Amino acids, C, H, O, N, sometimes S.

  • Nucleic Acids: Nucleotides, C, O, H, N, P.

  • Lipids: Fatty acids/glycerol, C, H, O.

Elements and Compounds

  • Elements: Sodium (Na), chlorine (Cl).

  • Compound: Sodium chloride (NaCl).

  • Solution: Table salt dissolves in water.

Lactose

  • Sugar in dairy products.

  • Disaccharide: glucose and galactose.

  • Carbohydrate.

Lactose Intolerance

  • Difficulty digesting dairy products.

  • Enzymes speed up reactions.

Solubility

  • Sugar and salt are polar; fats and oils are nonpolar.

  • Nonpolar substances least likely to dissolve.

Cell Structure and Function

  • Nucleolus: Makes ribosomes.

  • Lysosomes: Digest bacteria.

  • Nucleus: Contains DNA.

  • Cell membrane: Lets substances pass, maintains homeostasis.

  • Chloroplasts: Photosynthesis.

  • Cell Theory: All living things are cells; cells are basic units; cells come from cells.

  • Cytoplasm: Gel-like fluid.

  • Robert Hooke: First to see cells.

  • Cell wall: Outer boundary.

  • Mitochondria: Power.

Cell Membrane Transport

  • Ions: Movement controlled by signals.

  • Manufacturing: Nucleus, nucleolus, rough ER.

  • Prokaryotes: No membrane-bound nucleus.

  • Support: Cell wall, central vacuole.

  • Organelles: Golgi, ER, lysosomes, vacuoles.

  • Eyepiece: Microscope part near eye.

  • Diaphragm: Controls light beam.

  • Cytoplasm: Polarity and hydrogen bonds.

Cell Transport

  • Diffusion: High to low concentration.

  • Cell Equilibrium: Balance.

  • Molecules Inside: Carbohydrates(energy), Proteins(transport), Phospholipids(protection).

  • Oxygen enters by diffusion.

  • Facilitated diffusion: Requires carrier protein, no energy.

  • Active transport requires energy.

  • Hydrophobic portion of phospholipid bilayer.

  • Hypotonic swells, hypertonic shrinks cells.

  • Freshwater fish in ocean: cells shrink, fish dies.

Cell Quiz

  • Plant cell in 12% salt: shrinks and dies.

  • IV fluids: isotonic (0.9% saline).

  • CO2 equilibrium: No net movement.

  • Red blood cell in hypertonic: shrinks.

  • Equilibrium reached: The cell will get bigger.

Nucleic Acids

  • DNA: Thymine (T); RNA: Uracil (U).

Cytosine Content in DNA

  • Cytosine 38%: Adenine 12%.

Antiparallel DNA

  • 5' to 3' direction runs counter.

Bonds

  • Hydrogen bonds hold DNA strands.

E. Coli DNA

  • Circular.

Gene Sequence

  • DNA makes RNA makes protein.

Sugar in RNA

  • Ribose.

Protein Synthesis Location

  • Ribosomes in cytoplasm.

Deoxyribose Carbons

  • 5 carbons.

Blueprint of Life

  • DNA contains plans for building organism.

Nobel Prize

  • Watson and Crick: DNA structure.

DNA Molecule

  • Complementary sequence: 3'-GCGTACATCGCT-5'

RNA vs DNA

  • DNA: genetic information, double helix, thymine.

  • RNA: synthesizes proteins, single helix, uracil.

Rosalind Franklin

  • Photographed DNA using X-ray crystallography.

DNA

  • True: Living things have DNA; sequence of bases determines gene; bases can occur in any order; humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes.

  • False: DNA not made of thousands of chromosomes; DNA strand does not contain about 20 nucleotides.

Protein Synthesis Order

  • B → E → A → C → D

Molecule Synthesis

  • Polypeptide formed by dehydration synthesis.

Biochemical Process

  • Occurs in ribosome with mRNA, tRNA, amino acids.

Molecules

  • DNA, messenger RNA, transfer RNA, polypeptide.

DNA Molecule

  • Letter X: nitrogenous bases joined by hydrogen bonds.

Gene Mutation

  • Change in DNA sequence.

mRNA

  • AUG for methionine.
    Carries instructions from Nucleus to cytoplasm

DNA molecule

  • The diagram represents a molecule of DNA.

Nucleotide

  • A, B, and D

Segment of DNA

  • 8 nucleotides bonded

DNA strand

ATG-CTG-CGA-TCC-AAT becomes $$TAC-GAC-