Enzymes

Syllabus state,emts

enzymes affect by factors: PH, temp, Presence of inhibitors, Temp Substrate concentration, co factors,

specificity

Success criteria

Define enzymes and describe their role in metabolism

• enzymes are proteins (biological catalysts) → speed reactions (by lowering activation energy) without being used up in process;

• enzymes are specific only bind with one substrate e.g Lactase enzymes can only break down lactose sugar and ineffect against other sugars

• Enzymes reduce amount of energy needed

Describe how enzymes speed up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy

Explain the lock and key model and how it relates to enzyme specificity (primary)

1. Enzyme binds with the specific substrate at a specific location and fit together (enzyme +substrate) → activesite area substrate fits with enzyme

2. forms enzyme substrate complex

3. substrates will then release as products from enzyme

Describe the induced fit model of enzymes → another way to view specific ( compromised active site)

during enzyme substrate formation weak bonds are formed causing the enzymes to change shape of its active site to pefefectly bind substrate

Benefit: Allows efficient reactions to occur

Factors affecting enzyme activity

Explain how temperature and ph Affect ezynme structure and function

Coeynzymes Orangic molecules derived from vitamins

• Required for enzyme function (essential) and can speed up rate of reaction (essential) e.g Vitamin C, NAD+

Cofactors

• Nonprotein (can be in/orangic)

• required for enzyme function speed up rate of reaction (essential) e.g metal ions mg²+

Concentration of products and reactants

When concentration of substrate increases → reaction rate increase can plateau

How? More substrates to bind with enzymes but not enough enzyme causes plateau

When Concentration fo enzymes increases creation →rate increases

How? more enzymes bind with substrates

If enzymes are occupied, increases of either reactants with have no effect