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Mrs. Mizanin

AP English Language and Composition

Language of Composition, Chapter 3, “Analyzing Arguments”

Define each of the following terms using your reading of Language of Composition, Chapter 3, before answering the following questions.

Types of Claims

- Claim of Fact: Assert that something is true or not true.

- Claim of Value: Argues that something is good or bad, right or wrong, desirable or undesirable.

- Claim of Policy: You propose a change.

Three Main Types of Logical Fallacies

1. Fallacies of Relevance:

- Red Herring: When a speaker skips to a new and irrelevant topic in order to avoid the topic of discussion.

- Ad Hominem: Switching the argument from the issue at hand to the character of the other speaker.

- Faulty Analogy: A comparison between two things that are not comparable.

2. Fallacies of Accuracy:

- Either/Or Fallacy (Also called False Dilemma): Speaker presents two extreme options as the only possible choices.

- Equivocation: A speaker intentionally misleads the audience by using a word with a double or ambiguous meaning.

3. Fallacies of Insufficiency:

- Hasty Generalization: There is not enough evidence to support a particular conclusion.

- Circular Reasoning: Repeating the claim as a way to provide evidence, resulting in no evidence at all.

4. Now look at four additional fallacies provided in the textbook, which have not been listed in these types.

- Hasty Generalization: Not enough evidence to support a particular conclusion.

- Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc: Assumes that one event happened after another, so the first event must have caused the second one.

- Appeal to False Authority: When someone who has no expertise to speak on an issue is cited as an authority.

- Bandwagon Appeal: Something is good or popular simply because it is popular.

What type of fallacy is each? Add the name of the fallacy to the list above for the appropriate type.

5. Application: Surely, you’ve witnessed speakers or public figures succumb to one or more of these types of fallacies. Recall an example of a political candidate or celebrity who has made use of one of these fallacies and cite the incident below. Provide context for the example and explain which type of fallacy they’ve made and how it undermines their credibility or argument.

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Shaping Argument

6. The Classical Oration model is one of the most common ways to structure an argument. Describe the basic parts involved in this model:

- Introduction: Introduces the topic, purpose, and attention-grabbing elements.

- Narration/Exposition: Provides background information or context.

- Confirmation: Presents evidence supporting the argument.

- Refutation: Addresses opposing viewpoints and refutes them.

- Conclusion: Summarizes the argument and leaves a strong impression.

7. Induction and deduction are ways of reasoning, but they are often effective ways to structure an entire argument as well.

- Induction: Reasoning from specific cases to general principles.

- Deduction: Reasoning from general principles to specific conclusions.

8. The Toulmin model focuses on assumptions and how these assumptions are the link between a claim and the evidence used to support it. It can basically be expressed by using the following sentence frame:

Because (some piece of evidence), therefore (claim), since (an assumption the audience must agree on in order for the claim to be persuasive).

Provide an example of this type of reasoning, using the sentence template provided above.

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Establishing a Position

9. There are three basic types of thesis statements one may write. Describe each of them:

- Closed: A statement of the main idea and the major points to be discussed.

- Open: A statement of the main idea without listing all points.

- Counterargument: A thesis that acknowledges opposing views before presenting an argument.

10. In this chapter, the authors discuss various types of evidence one may use to support a claim. Provide examples of each main type of evidence:

- First-Hand Evidence: Evidence based on personal experience, observations, or knowledge.

- Second-Hand Evidence: Evidence drawn from research, expert opinions, or historical data.

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