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1. Big Sister policy

Pushed by James G. Blaine, it aimed at rallying the Latin American nations behind

the U.S.'s leadership, as well as opening Latin American markets to Yankee traders.

This would be the start of an increasingly important inter-Americas alliance.

2. Great Rapprochement

This term refers to the reconciliation between the United States and Britain. Their

Anglo-American alliance became a cornerstone for foreign policy at the dawn of

the 20th century, and would foreshadow an alliance that would last over multiple

global conficts. This sudden 'warming of hearts' was due to the threat of Kaiser

Wilhelm-led Germany, as well as other European countries.

3. McKinley Tarif

In 1890, sugar markets went sour when this tarif raised barriers against the

Hawaiian product. This led White American planters to secure the annexation of

Hawaii, which would allow them to trade without any additional fee. However,

Queen Liliuokalani blocked their attempts, until a successful revolt in 1893 led to

an eventual annexation in 1898.

4. Insurrectos

The revolting Cubans in 1895. They were facing of against their oppressive Spanish

overlords, and they were badly outmatched. Their uprising would eventually lead to

the Spanish-American War in 1898, as their uprising threatened American interests

on the island.

5. Maine

On February 15th, 1898, this ship mysteriously blew up in Havana harbor, killing

around 260 American sailors. The Spanish (later found to be correct) claimed that

it was due to an internal accident on the ship, but the war-hungry Americans

accused the Spanish government of committing the atrocity, which led to the chant,

"Remember the Maine! To hell with Spain!"

6. Teller Amendment

After McKinley sent his war message to Congress in April of 1898, this amendment

was passed by legislators. It proclaimed to the world that the U.S. would give the

oppressed Cubans their freedom after the Spanish's misrule had been overthrown.

7. Rough Riders

This was a group organized by Teddy Roosevelt. It consisted mostly of western

cowboys & ex-convicts, and they were known for their character and horseback

riding abilities. During the war, they took San Juan Hill, which proved to be the most

important land victory of the war, as the U.S. would take the crucial city of Santiago

a few weeks later. After these events, Spain would surrender in early August 1898,

ending the war.

8. Anti-Imperialist League

This league was created to combat the McKinley administration's expansionist

moves. This organization held members such as the presidents of Stanford &

Harvard universities, and the novelist Mark Twain. Other members included Andrew Carnegie and Samuel Gompers. Some of the objections they held were that

imperialism was costly & unlikely to ever turn a proft, it violated the 'consent of the

governed' ideology in the Declaration of Independence, and fears that annexation

would drag the U.S. into military conficts with southeast Asia.

9. Foraker Act

In 1900, this act gave the Puerto Ricans a limited degree of popular government,

and outlawed cockfghting (which was one of the island's favorite pastimes).

Although the American regime would improve P.R. 's education, sanitation, and

transportation, many of the inhabitants still aspired for independence.

10. Insular Cases

Over multiple cases (starting in 1901) , a 'badly divided' S.C. decreed that the

Constitution did not always follow the fag - this basically meant that Puerto Ricans

and Filipinos were subject to American rule, but didn't enjoy American citizenship

rights.

11. Platt Amendment

The U.S. honored its Teller Amendment of 1898, and withdrew from Cuba in 1902.

However, the U.S. didn't want other countries to try to take control of Cuba, so they

forced the Cubans to write this amendment into their new 1901 constitution. The

amendment stated that the Cubans couldn't sign treaties that would compromise

their independence, not to take on debt beyond their resources, and that the U.S.

could intervene with troops to 'restore order when it saw ft'. Another clause was

that the Cubans would promise to lease areas to the U.S., which led to the U.S.

occupation of Guantánamo Bay.

12. Open Door note

In 1899, this was a note by John Hay urging the great powers to announce that

they would respect certain Chinese rights and the ideal of fair competition in their

leaseholds & spheres of infuence. This caught the attention of the American public,

as well as the great powers - every country it was sent to, except Russia, eventually

agreed to it.

13. Boxer Rebellion

In 1900, a superpatriotic Chinese group, known as the "Boxers" due to their

prowess in martial arts, caused chaos. They murdered more than 200 foreigners, killed thousands of Chinese Christians, and besieged the foreign diplomatic

community in the capital Beijing. A multinational force of around 18,000 soldiers

eventually calmed the rebellion, and fned China $333 million. America's share was

around $24.5 million, but they gave $18 million back to be used for the education

of a selected group of Chinese students in the U.S.

14. Hay - Pauncefote Treaty

In 1901, this treaty gave the United States freedom to build and fortify a canal

in Panama. The British gave the U.S. these rights, as they were dealing with an

unfriendly Europe, and their own Boer war in South Africa.

15. Roosevelt Corollary

In 1904, this addition to the Monroe Doctrine stated that if any Latin American

country got into fnancial trouble, the U.S. would intervene, pay of the debts, and

keep the troublesome Europeans on the other side of the Atlantic. This 'Big Stick'

policy let the world know that America was the 'policeman of the Caribbean', and

would step in to protect its own interests.

16. Gentlemen's Agreement

In 1907-1908, Tokyo agreed to stop the fow of laborers to the American mainland

by withholding passports, in exchange for the San Francisco School board to repeal

its ofensive 1906 order to segregate Chinese, Japanese, and Korean students from

the Whites.

17. Root-Takahira agreement

In 1908, it pledged that the U.S. and Japan would respect each other's territorial

possessions in the Pacifc, and to uphold the Open Door policy in China. This policy

showed that the two countries were willing to maintain peace, after conficts in the

Gentlemen's agreement.

18. Josiah Strong

He was a Reverend who wrote "Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present

Crisis". The book inspired young missionaries to go overseas, to fnd new souls to

'save'. Additionally, Strong proclaimed the superiority of Anglo-Saxon civilization,

and commanded Aericans to spread their religion & values to the "backwards"

peoples of other nations.

19. Alfred Thayer Mahan

He was a naval Captain who wrote the book "The Infuence of Sea Power upon

History, 1660-1783", in 1890. He argued that control over the sea was the key to

world dominance, and his writings helped stimulate the naval race that many of

the world powers participated in at the turn of the century.

20. James G. Blaine

He was a two-time secretary of state who pushed his Big Sister policy. Later, he

would lead the frst ever Pan-American Conference in Washington D.C. in 1889,

which was the beginning of an important inter-American assemblies.

21. Richard Olney

He was President Cleveland's secretary of state. During a 1895-1896 Venezuelan

boundary dispute with Britain, his note invoking the Monroe Doctrine proved to

be uninfuential, and was shrugged of by the British.

22. Liliuokalani

She was the last reigning queen of Hawaii. She defended native Hawaiian self-rule,

and was dethroned by a revolt of white settlers in 1893. This was due to America's

want to expand their infuence into the Pacifc, as well as the potential for an

un-tarifed sugar market by businessmen and planters alike.

23. "Butcher" Weyler

He was a Spanish general, who arrived to the Cuban confict in 1896. He herded

many civilians into barbed-wire concentration camps, where they couldn't give

assistance to the armed exiles. The conditions in these enclosures turned deadly,

with diseases spreading like wildfre - the victims died like they were in a slaughterhouse (hence his nickname).

24. Dupuy de Lôme

He was the Spanish minister in Washington. He wrote a letter, bashing on President

McKinley - his remarks were published in Randolph Hearst's newspapers, and he

was forced to resign over uproars by the American public.

25. George Dewey

He was a Commodore who sailed into Manila Harbor, in the Philippines, on May

1st, 1898. He managed to knock out an entire Spanish feet without losing an

American life, but was quickly stranded, as he couldn't attack the city with only his

sailors. After a few months of high-tension, he captured Manila along with Emilio

Aguinaldo.

26. Emilio Aguinaldo

He was originally exiled from the Philippines by the Spanish in 1897, and was

brought back by Dewey in 1898 to assist the American invasion of Manila. A year

later, he would lead a Filipino insurrection against the new American rulers, as he

claimed they were no diferent than the previous Spaniards. He would later be

captured by the U.S. in 1901.

27. William H. Taft

He was an Ohioan who became civil governor of the Philippines in 1901. He

became great friends with the Filipinos, and later would go on to become the

27th President of the U.S. in 1909. He was the 'hand-picked' successor of Teddy

Roosevelt, but his betrayals of the Republican party and 'shot himself in the foot'

numerous times, leading Roosevelt to run again in the Election of 1912.

28. John Hay

He was the U.S. secretary of state during the Spanish-American War, famously

calling it a 'splendid little war'. Later in 1899, he would give the world powers the

Open Door note, urging them to respect certain Chinese rights and the ideal of

fair competition. His proposal was eventually agreed upon by every power it was

sent to, except Russia. After the Boxer Rebellion, he announced that the Open Door

policy would be extended to embrace the territorial and commercial integrity of

China. Additionally, in the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty in 1901, America gained exclusive

rights from Britain that allowed them to build and fortify the Panama canal.

29. Theodore ("Teddy") Roosevelt

Due to his publicity as a Rough Rider in the Spanish-American War, he was elected

as governor of New York. However, the local political bosses there found him

difcult to manage, so they devised a successful scheme to move him into the

Vice Presidency of McKinley's second term in the Election of 1900. However, in

September 1901, McKinley was killed by an anarchist in Bufalo, NY, and Roosevelt

became the 26th President of the U.S. He was a bold man with a lot of energy, and

his frst order of duty was his 'Big Stick' diplomacy. Examples of this include the

construction of the Panama Canal, and the Roosevelt Corollary.

30. social gospel

This was a movement mainly based of of religious values. It promoted a brand

of progressivism based of of Christian teachings, and messengers used religious

doctrine to demand better housing and living conditions for the urban poor. This

movement drove others to recognize the need for social justice, with an example

being Jane Addams and her Chicago Hull House.

31. Muckrakers

Reporters who 'dug deep for the dirt that the public loved to hate'. President

Roosevelt gave them this name in 1906, as they solely focused on the negatives

of society. In American society, the exposing of evil became a fourishing industry

among American publishers.

32. Initiative

Voters can directly propose legislation themselves, thus bypassing the political

boss-bought state legislatures.

33. Referendum

This device would place laws on the ballot for fnal approval by the people, which

would help to remove laws that had been forced through via big business.

34. Recall

This would enable the voters to remove faithless elected ofcials, especially those

who had bribed by bosses or lobbyists.

35. Australian ballot

This is another name for a secret ballot. It was getting more widely introduced in

states to cut down on bribery, as bribery was less feasible when bribers couldn't

tell if they were getting their money's worth from the bribed.

36. Muller v. Oregon

In 1908, this landmark case by the S.C. accepted the constitutionality of laws

protecting women workers (thus closing women of from traditionally "male" jobs).

This was done by presenting evidence of harmful efects on women's 'weaker'

bodies. Although later seen as sexist, at the time the public applauded the case,

as they were focused on protecting women & children than on granting equal

benefts.

37. Lochner v. New York

In 1905, the S.C. ruled that a law setting a working hour limit (10 hours a day) for

bakers was unconstitutional. However, in 1917, the Court upheld a 10 hour law for

factory workers, efectively overturning this case.

38. *Triangle Shirtwaist Company fire*

In 1911, this NYC accident showed the horrors of the sweatshop. 146 workers,

mostly young immigrant women, either died from burning or jumping to their

deaths. The whole incident could've been prevented, but there were multiple

violations of the fre code (such as the locked doors). This caused public outcry, a

strike by women in the needle trades, and eventually NY legislation to pass stronger

laws regulating the hours and conditions of sweatshop toil - by 1917, 30 states

would have created worker's compensation laws.

39. Elkins act

In 1903, this act allowed heavy fnes on both railroads that gave rebates, and the

shippers that accepted them. This was to prevent corruption in the railroads, and

cut away at the rebate scandals.

40. Meat Inspection Act

In 1906, this act decreed that the preparation of meat shipped over state lines

would be subject to federal inspection. This would allow smaller companies to not

fy under the radar, and let other companies receive a 'stamp of approval' from

the government. This was mainly caused by the exposure of the meat industry in

Upton Sinclair's 1906 book "The Jungle".

41. Pure Food and Drug Act

This was passed as a companion to the Meat Inspection Act in 1906. It was

designed to prevent the adulteration and mislabeling of foods & pharmaceuticals.

42. Hetch Hetchy Valley

It was a glacial valley in Yosemite National Park. It caused a controversy, as naturalists believed that it shouldn't be disturbed, and others thought that it would be put

to good use as a water reservoir for San Francisco. In the end, the dam was built,

but the argument between environmentalists and people wanting to put natural

resources to good use lives on today.

43. Panic of 1907

Also known as the Roosevelt panic, this was a short but punishing furry on Wall

Street. The cause of the panic was controversial, but in the end it paved the way for

long-overdue monetary reforms. In the crisis, the hard-pressed banks were unable

to increase the volume of money in circulation, and those with ample reserves

weren't willing to share with their competitors. In 1908, Congress passed the

Aldrich-Vreeland act, which authorized national banks to issue emergency currency

backed by various kinds of collateral. This would allow for a more fexible medium

of exchange in the future.

44. Brownsville Afair

In 1906, Teddy Roosevelt ordered dishonorable discharges for 150 black 'bufalo'

soldiers accused on trumped-up charges of inciting violence in Brownsville, Texas.

This outraged the black community, and only in 1972 did Congress fnally pardon

the unfairly accused men and grant them honorable discharges.

45. dollar diplomacy

This was President Taft furthering the U.S.'s foreign policy through the use of

economic power by guaranteeing loans to foreign countries. The U.S. encouraged

bankers to give their dollars to countries of strategic concern, mainly in regions

near the Panama Canal, and in China. By preempting investors from rival powers

(such as Germany), NY bankers would strengthen American defenses and foreign

policies, while bringing further prosperity to their wallets.

46. Payne-Aldrich Bill

In 1909, it was a moderately reductive bill to lower tarifs. However, senators had

tacked on hundreds of upward tarif revisions, which betrayed the ideas of the

Progressives in the Republican party. Taft signed the bill, angering many members

of his own party.

47. New Nationalism

This doctrine was preached by Teddy Roosevelt in 1910 - it urged the national

government to increase its power to remedy economic and social abuses. This

shocked the Republican 'Old Guard', and split the party in half.

48. New Freedom

This was the strong Democratic progressive platform that Woodrow Wilson ran on in the Election of 1912. Wilson's reform campaign attacked trusts, and promised to return state government to the people. In 1902, Wilson was the President of Princeton University, and was the governor of NJ by the time of his Democratic nomination in 1912.

49. Ida Tarbell

She was a pioneering journalist who published a devastating yet factual report of

the Standard Oil Company (as her father had been ruined by the company's oil

interests). She was known as "The Mother of Trusts", and was the most eminent

woman in the muckraking movement.

50. Henry Demarest Lloyd

He wrote "Wealth against Commonwealth" in 1894. The book attacked the Standard Oil Company, led by John D. Rockefeller.

51. Thorstein Veblen

He was an eccentric man who attacked the rich with his book "The Theory of the

Leisure Class" in 1899. It attacked predatory wealth, as well as how the leisure

class engaged in useless business (making money just to make money) instead of

productive industry (and making goods to satisfy real needs). He urged that social

leadership be passed from these wasteful men to engineers and other productive

members of society.

52. Eugene Debs

He organized the Socialist party in 1901 and won 6 percent of the vote in the

Election of 1912. Throughout the world, Socialists were inspired by the writings of

Karl Marx, and there were radical Socialist parties in almost every country. However,

the movement never gained much traction in America, and Debs was thrown into

jail numerous times.

53. Jacob A. Riis

He was a clever Danish immigrant who was a reporter for the New York Sun. He

penned "How the Other Half Lives", in 1890. His account painted the dirt, disease,

vice, and misery of New York slums - his work would inspire many, including Teddy

Roosevelt.

54. Robert M. ("Fighting Bob") La Follette

He was the governor of Wisconsin who emerged as the most militant of the

Republican leaders during the Progressivism era. After a desperate fght with

monopoly, he reached the position of governor in 1901. With this power, he took

considerable control from crooked lumber and railroad corporations, and returned

it to the people. He also perfected a scheme for regulating public utilities, while

working with experts at Wisconsin University.

55. Hiram W. Johnson

He was a Republican Governor of California, who took ofce in 1910. He was a

prosecutor of grafters, and helped break the dominant grip of the Southern Pacifc

railroad on California politics.

56. Florence Kelley

She was a former resident of Jane Addams' Hull House, who became Illinois's frst chief factory inspector, and one of the nation's leading advocates for improved factory conditions. In 1899, she took control of the newly founded National Consumers League, which mobilized female consumers to pressure for laws that would prevent women and children in the workplace.

57. Frances E. Willard

She founded the Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), and had nearly 1

million members, which made it the biggest organization of women in the world.

She then found an ally in the Anti-Saloon League, and the two groups combined

strove to end alcohol consumption. In popular media, she is known for her mallet,

smashing beers and other items at bars.

58. Giford Pinchot

He was a conservationist, and was Pres. Teddy Roosevelt's chief forester. He believed that 'wilderness was waste'. He and Roosevelt together wanted to use the nation's natural gifts intelligently. Thus, they had to fnd a balance between abusing nature via commercial interests, and overprotecting it in an unrealistic manner.

59. John Muir

He was a famed naturalist who belonged to the environmentalist Sierra Club. He

believed that Hetch Hetchy was a 'temple' of nature that should be protected.

He led a group of preservationists for seven years, but his eforts proved to be

unsuccessful.

60. Herbert Croly

He was a progressive thinker, who in his book "The Promise of American Life" (1910), brought out ideas that parallel Teddy Roosevelts. They both favored continued consolidation of trusts and labor unions, as well as the growth of powerful

regulatory agencies in Washington D.C.

61. Louis Brandeis

A progressive-minded confdant of Woodrow Wilson, he was the litigator behind Muller v. Oregon. In 1916, Wilson made him the frst Jewish American to be appointed to the U.S. Supreme Court.

62. Victoriano Huerta

A Mexican military ofcer and former President of Mexico. He had a bitter relationship with President Wilson, for Wilson did not respect his bloody regime.

63. Pancho Villa

He emerged as a chief rival to Mexican president Carranza and tried to provoke

the United States into war by going on a killing spree north of the border in New

Mexico. President Wilson dispatched General John J. "Black Jack" Pershing in an

attempt to capture Villa, but the expedition ended in defeat for American forces.

64. Underwood Tarif

It provided for a substantial reduction of import fees; enacted graduated federal

income tax

65. Federal Reserve Act

It established 12 regional Federal Reserve Banks and a Federal Reserve Board to

regulate banking and create stability on a national scale

66. Federal Trade

Commission Act (1914)

It empowered a presidentially appointed commission to investigate illegal business practices in interstate commerce (false advertising, mislabeling goods, unlawful competition)

67. Clayton Anti-Trust Act (1914)

It extended the anti-trust protections of the Sherman Anti-trust Act; it granted

needed benefts on labor

68. Holding Companies

Companies that own most or all of other companies' stock in order to expand their

monopoly control. They often did not produce goods/services, rather existing for

the sole purpose of controlling other companies

69. Workingmen's Compensation Act (1916)

It granted assistance to federal civil-service employees during period of disability.

It also restricted child labor on products fowing into interstate commerce (state to

state)

70. Adamson Act (1916)

It established an 8 hour work day for all employees on trains in interstate commerce (gave extra pay for overtime work)

71. Jones Act (1916) It granted the Philippines territorial status and promised independence once a "stable government" could be established

72. Tampico Incident When the Mexican government arrested American sailors which prompted Wilson to send the Navy to seize the port of Veracruz (Tensions Grew)