Untitled Flashcards Set

Birdwhistell's sources of potentially significant bodily movements : 

• Total head 

• Face 

• Neck 

• Trunk 

• Shoulder-arm-wrist 

• Hand 

• Hip-joint-ankle

• Foot 

Key hand gestures : 

• Some key gestures ok, l-sign, loopy, tsk-tsk, money, naughty, thumbs-up, peace, victory, horns 

• Some are culturally determined 

• Talking hands (do the gestures help?) 

Dominance 

• How much does body movement convey dominance ? 

  • Puffing the chests (arms down chest open) filling up space 

  • Pointing with everything (much as uncle sam)

  • Stare down 

  • Fist pump

Why is it that a man who is relaxed uses less gestures and a woman uses more ? 

• Gesture can be given through time from generation to generation 

• They are hard to unlearn 

• What are the gestures used for ? (maybe men use gestures to get the women) 

• Women are more intelligent compared to men as they dont have the strength aspect. 

Key terms : 

• Parentese

• Arbitrary codes 

• Emblems* - speech independent gestures *

• Illustrators* - speech related gestures *

• Alokines (20000 in the facial area alone) 

• Nonverbal immediacy (appearing more open likable approachable) 

What are display rules ? 

• Not everybody has them 

• Example of don'ts : rolling your eyes, pointing, 

Key terms 

Encoding 

Decoding 

Touching behaviours 

Are non-verbals can work backwards sense 

We may get them earlier on in life 

Freeze moments (freeze points) - moments that you can process and lead to moments where you freeze again later in life. (when people exercise with a different non-verbals compared to the one they are frozen in it changes things) 

Coordination of gesture, postere and speech (eyes are the window to the soul) 

A liar wants to help believe the story and as you start believing they get exerted and happier (if there story is smooth it's mostly not true (can happen when nerve) 

When you lying your body goes into fight or flight (can create an itchy nose) (we are trying to control ourselves and sometimes that control shows)

(when we tell a story we all have stops and starts) 

Pathology is indicated when gestures are out of sync with words 

Gestures are more useful when they are redundant are specific to the person and the words 

Gestures forecast the words to come 

Gestures help memory

Gestures help clarity

Gestures mark 

Gestures visualize 

Key points : 

• Audience is always with us 

• Communication is not the same as revelation

• Facial expressions are fluid (need to always consider what comes before and after) 

• Emotions and their matching expressions are complex 

• Consider that emotions are families of emotions and watch the flow 

(video) trumps wife not smiling when trump is not looking 

U of T study: can you spot the rich face? 

• Video

• Respondents were right 53% of the time 

• Two groups (under $60,000/yr and over 100,000)

• A small smile changes the perception (mouth not eyes) 

• Attractiveness was linked to wealth 

Ekman's faces:

• The seven emotions universally expressed: fear anger (cheeks, mouth, brows, and forehead), surprise, disgust, contempt, sadness, and happiness

• Different contexts (like driving) create different emotional displays 

• Men display more negative emotions than women, women smile more often 

• SADFISH: sadness, anger, disgust, fear, interest, surprise, happiness

Display rules: we might deintensify, or overintensify, or mask. The rules are shared and not be spoken

Four types, according to Ekmen: 

• Vocational

• Personal

• Cultural

• The need of the moment

Facial blends, facial emblems (OMG)

Types of facial codes : 

Iconic codes : signals that look like their referents 

Arbitrary codes : they mean what we want them to mean

Intrinsic codes : biologically inherited

Motor mimicry : displaying what another person is feeling 

Audience affects : This changes how readily we express ourselves. May even happen when we are alone. 

Some other typical expressions: 

(key expressions:)

Contempt : slight tightening and raising of the corner of the lip on one side

Threat : v-shaped brows, wide eyes, open mouth, and down-turned mouth

Anxiety : increased blinking, horizontal mouth stretch, fear signs, more facial movements overall

Pride : small smile, head tilted back slightly, expanded posture hands on the hips 

Embarrassment : looking down, shifting the eyes, turning head away, touching the face, controlled smiles.

FACS: 

FACS - facial action coding systems distinguishes on the basis of 

1. Muscles appearance change 

2. Muscle capability for independent action 

3. Feedback circuit that allow us to be aware of our own facial movements 

Females especially extroverted ones, were better at encoding and decoding non-verbal messages 

Women are better at eye contact 

What do these mean ? 

• Shifty-eyed 

• See eye to eye

• Eye candy

• Thats an eye-opener

• My eyes popped out of my head 

• A feast for the eyes 

Pupil size : 

People who have larger pupils were seen as more attractive 

Pupils can also dilate because of alcohol or drug use  

Pupils shrink when one is thinking up the lie they dilate when one is actually lying 

Key points : 

• Wwe gaze at things that are more rewarding we look away from things we don't like 

• If we cannot see peoples eyes when communicating, communication is strained at best

• Gaze is a part of a network of other behaviours 

• More gaze can signify a confrontative relationship. Unhealthy couples show eye contact when criticizing or “commanding” but don't show eye contact when affirming 

• Gaze by hostility or affection is longer

• Gaze aversion is seen as unfavourable in an interview setting suggesting a lack of confidence 

• Gaze brings a responsibility to interact. (if your hiding something … you don't want to)

• “Turning a blind eye” related to cultural display rules we turn away, especially when we are embarrassed for the other person 

• What are the things we are not supposed to notice/look at we look away form negative physical characteristics 

Terms : 

Conjugate lateral eye movements: when asked a numerical question, our gaze suggests which side is dominant. Looking left indicates right dominance. Men tend to look to the right, indicating the left brian. Women tend to know what is going on cognitively - how we are processing information.

Eye contact- not necessarily eye to eye

Gaze avoidance - intentional avoidance of eye contact 

Gaze and mutual gaze (intense look directly at someone else's eyes) 

We look away to access mental information 

In our gaze we examine different parts of the face to make sure we've understood

We use other people's eyes for feedback of all sorts 

Dominant behaviour:  is seen in people who gaze more at the person 

Visual dominance ratio: how long you look at someone while speaking  

“Visual egalitarianism”: all members of a group are being looked at equally 

Leakage: unintended betrayal of feeling the person is trying to conceal 

Gaze cuing : when we look in the direction of someone else's gaze 

Morphology: temporal changes in facial musculature people trying to lie work harder at this mouth and lips more than eyes, eyelids and forehead 

Timing: Ekman and Friesen.. The speed with which the emotion occurs after the event as well as the length of duration and how gradually the expression shifts to a neutral display or expression of another feeling 

Location : where the expression occurs in the conversational stream. If for example a person displays happiness in a sad moment, or severe anger over something that doesn't require it this is leakage 

Micro Expressions: they last under a seconds duration 

Functions : 

Regulatory: may be demanded or suppressed by looking 

• Opens and closes channels of communication 

• Turn taking 

• Gaze cuing effect

• We are obligated now to interact 

• “Civil inattention norm” we acknowledge but don't want to interact 

• Gives backchannel response 

• Helps maintain significant relationships

Monitoring: checking if we’ve been understood 

• Gives feedback 

• Influences and persuades 

• Defines power and status 

• Physicians are more effective if they actually watch their patients 

• Monitoring others during group discussions 

Cognitive: we look away to figure something out

Expressive : our look shows emotional arousal 

• Indicate degree of attentiveness/interest

• Assumes central role in impression management 

Lying   We lie to get along in society: 

• A liar wants to convince us to “manage our perception”. The liar wants to believe a good narrative 

• Importantto note what question or statement has triggered the significant response 

• Duping delight: when we cant help but show a slight smile because we are convincing the other person of our lie 

• People that are confident and charismatic are better at lying 

• Fewer crimes are committed by introverts 

• When we lie we avoid eye contact, adaptors increase more time between a question and a response. Also look for speech rate, speech errors, pitch variation, response latencies, and pauses 

• Voice pitch may go up but there is a lack of purposive, genuine expressions throughout the body  

• Reluctance indicators: someone wants to pull away from the situation 

• Uncertainty indicators: someone is unsure of him/herself and hesitates a lot before saying anything 

• Incongruous answer or different answers: tend to offer few details (we have less familiarity with the lie than with the truth, so it takes more cognitive energy)

• (online we may end up using far more words because we can edit and we want to manage the conversation)   

• Liars use fewer first-person pronouns because of lack of personal experience or wanting to distance themselves from the lie being told 

• Might be slightly more negative word used 

• Liars use more emotional expressions 

• Use fewer distinction words and more ambiguous 

• See interpersonal deception theory 

• Little movement only moves part of his arms 

• Body is stiff ready to run away form the situation 

• Frozen on the spot 

• Voice get loud then low 

• Voice get high picht 

• Loss control of this movements and voice 

• Moves a lot 

• Plays with her hands 

• Tries to claim the situation 

• Tries to make a joke 

• She's nervous and won't stay still 

• Hides behind joey and tries to take control of the situation 

• Very proud of his actions

• Does not hide what he was doing 

• Maybe a little vengeful 

• Take space showing that he is comfortable

• Does not show remorse at all 

• Thinking of other thing much as food   

Consider where the accent is put : 

1. He’s giving this money to his sister

2. He’s giving this money to his sister 

3. He’s giving this money to his sister

4. His giving this money to his sister

5. He’s giving this money to his sister

6. He’s giving this money to his sister

What do these emotions sound like? 

• Tired (what does this sound like? Slower, lower, huffing and puffing) 

• Aggressive (what does it sound like? High pitch, loud)  

• happy/boppy 

• Depressed (montone, slow, bored) 

• Bored 

• firm/confrontative 

• Selling something (energic, slow and kind)  

• Macho 

Para-wha? 

• Component of meta-communications concerned with how something is said 

• Also called “vocalics” (non-verbal messages of the voice to add meaning to our verbal communication) 

• People normally use paralanguage multiple times per day and are sometimes not even aware of it.

• We understand the non-lexical features of speech before we even know word definitions and usages 

• Includes both the intentional and unintentional meanings behind words 

• Tone is more important than gestures when ascertaining how one feels about something spoken (Mehrabian 1967) (important to remember for exam)   

• Children rely more on verbal, adolescents, on a mix, and adults on non-verbals for interpretation. (Morton and trehub 2001) 

• Vocal cues help us to understand the retain information 

• Vocal cues help with persuasion (pitch variation, fewer pauses, faster speech, fluency) 

What do these emotions sound like? 

• Tired (what does this sound like? Slower, lower, huffing and puffing) 

• Aggressive (what does it sound like? High pitch, loud)  

• happy/boppy 

• Depressed (montone, slow, bored) 

• Bored 

• firm/confrontative 

• Selling something (energic, slow and kind)  

• Macho 

Questions : 

How would your friends describe your speech? 

How would you describe someone else's speech ? 

What are the things that make someone's voice/speech either attractive or unattractive? 

Qualities can include: 

• How we pronounce words (pronunciation)

• How clear the words are (articulation)

• What intensity we speak with (loudness) 

• Range of the voice in conversation (pitch) 

• How long the sound is (duration) 

• Rate of speech (regularity) 

• Absence of sound (silence) 

• A speaker,timber, tone, etc. (quality) 

Vocal functions 

• Vocalics exist as a small “window of presence”

• Includes

Identification and self-presentation 

Controlling interaction 

Relationships wit other interactions 

Display of cognitive and affective information 

Deception 

Voice qualities : 

• Modifications of the voice 

• Trager identified 8 vocal qualities that include: 

Pitch range (high vs low) 

Vocal/lip control (ie. hoarseness or raspiness) 

Glottis control (amount of air passing through throat) 

Articulation control (are the sounds precise and clear?)

Tempo control (rate of voice. Ie 125 wpm for american) 

Resonance (amount of reverberation in the head cavity)

Rhythm control (smooth, sing-song, jerky)

Vocalizations : 

• Vocal characterizers: sounds that stand alone as symbols

• Voice qualifiers : temporary variations in pitch, volume and rate of speech 

  • Intensity 

  • Pitch height 

  • Duration 

Accents and dialects 

Three basic dimensions determine how we evaluate others dialects (mulac, 1976)

• Sociointellectual status (occupation, income, etc.)

• Aesthetic quality (pleasing/displeasing accent)

• Dynamism (aggressiveness, loudness of voice)

We prefer accents that are closer to our own, perceived as more rewarding 

Accents and dialect 

• Accents and dialects can shape our perceptions of people (first impressions) 

• We tend to slow our speech and raise our voice when talking to someone whose first language isn't english 

Sometimes can be unintentional

We use vocalics to regulate conversation 

• Turn requesting 

• Turn-yielding cues 

• Turn-denying cues 

• Pauses 

Turn-taking cont,d 

Socioeconomic class variables in turn - taking 

Conclusions (robbins, devoe & wiener 1978)

5. Working class speakers emit unfilled pauses and open inflection behaviours significantly more often

6. Middle class speakers emit filled pauses and downward inflection behaviours significantly more often 

7. Working class speakers emit greater variation of ambiguous regulators 

8. Middle class speakers initiate continuous regulators significantly more often 

Voice types (and attributions) 

• Breathy = sexy, spacy, artistic? 

• Tense = anxious, less intelligent, high - strung? 

• Nasal = whiny, argumentative

• Flat = bored, sluggish, aloof

• Thin = immature, emotional

• Throaty = sophisticated, careless,older

What else do we tell from voice; 

• Sex 

• Age 

• Social class or status 

• Characteristics of recipients 

• Emotions (ie, anxiety) 

Deception

• The more questions asked the easier it becomes to catch the deception 

• As a culture we are fascinated with lying and notion of deception 

• General conclusion; Much more can be found out about lying through the use of verbal communication but nonverbal cues can also combined 

Non verbal cues are more accurate than verbal