January 20th 2025
Kinesics - “ the study of human body movements.”
Movement communicates meaning, different kinds of movement communicate different meanings.
Question
Have you ever gotten in trouble for your body language ?
What kinds of body language could get you in to trouble
Example : poster, elbows on the table eating, crossing your arms.
What bodily movements convey lasting impressions?
What movements convey the most information ?
Look around the room, how many gestures can you count?
How many hand gestures can you think of ?
Birdwhistell's sources of potentially significant bodily movements : Total head Face Neck Trunk Shoulder-arm-wrist Hand Hip-joint-ankle Foot
| Key hand gestures : Some key gestures ok, l-sign, loopy, tsk-tsk, money, naughty, thumbs-up, peace, victory, horns Some are culturally determined Talking hands (do the gestures help?)
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Dominance | Why is it that a man who is relaxed uses less gestures and a woman uses more ? Gesture can be given through time from generation to generation They are hard to unlearn What are the gestures used for ? (maybe men use gestures to get the women) Women are more intelligent compared to men as they dont have the strength aspect.
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Questions cont’d
The difference between men and women are they learned or inherited ?
Why is it that a man who is relaxed uses less gestures and a woman uses more ?
Gesture can be given through time from generation to generation
They are hard to unlearn
What are the gestures used for ? (maybe men use gestures to get the women)
Women are more intelligent compared to men as they dont have the strength aspect.
Video - secret of a women
He is giving him a warning by touching his face and narrows the space (like a lion playing with his prey) he was controlling the space making him stay where he wanted.
Interactional synchrony - they kind of fit ones happy the other is laughing (in here there's none of that its ones controlling one's submitting)
Video - emperors club
The father was using high to dominate that conversion with the teacher
The teacher was evening the playing field with the kid
Handing the gun to the teacher shows that he holds power between the two that he controls the conversan and he will tell him when his kid needs not the other way around.
Secrets that are not true (makes you feel more into the club)
The father does not care at all (power play) (at the end the hand sake also inferse that he holds the power)
Key terms : Parentese Arbitrary codes Emblems* - speech independent gestures * Illustrators* - speech related gestures * Alokines (20000 in the facial area alone) Nonverbal immediacy (appearing more open likable approachable)
| What are display rules ? |
Synchrony :
Speech-dependent vs speech-independent
Self - synchrony : we match our words to our gestures and one and one affects the other
Interactional - synchrony
Matching and mirroring - we tend to mimic the mannerisms, facial expressions, posters and other behaviors of the people we interact with
Key terms Encoding Decoding | Touching behaviours Are non-verbals can work backwards sense We may get them earlier on in life | Freeze moments (freeze points) - moments that you can process and lead to moments where you freeze again later in life. (when people exercise with a different non-verbals compared to the one they are frozen in it changes things) |
How important are display rules ?
How do we gauge acceptable vs unacceptable non-verbal behaviours ?
Freeze moments (freeze points) - moments that you can process and lead to moments where you freeze again later in life. (when people exercise with a different non-verbals compared to the one they are frozen in it changes things)
D.I.E. - Descript, Interpret, Evaluate (we have to take the environment into account)
Coordination of gesture, postere and speech (eyes are the window to the soul) A liar wants to help believe the story and as you start believing they get exerted and happier (if there story is smooth it's mostly not true (can happen when nerve) When you lying your body goes into fight or flight (can create an itchy nose) (we are trying to control ourselves and sometimes that control shows) (when we tell a story we all have stops and starts) Pathology is indicated when gestures are out of sync with words | Gestures are more useful when they are redundant are specific to the person and the words Gestures forecast the words to come Gestures help memory Gestures help clarity Gestures mark Gestures visualize |
CMN 3132 non-verbal communications
January 27th, 2025
The face:
Let's talk about our own experience of facial expressions …
What are the worst, most unattractive facial expressions?
What expressions do you find most attractive?
Do you have any personal “display rules” when it comes to facial expressions?
What is the face that you use to mask other emotions? What is your least reliable mask?
What facial expressions have you inherited from your family ?
Is there a key audience that may have affected how you express through your face ?
What would be some typical expressions of celebrities?
What expressions are the most contextually specific?
If display rules are decided by culture, what are some of our cultures' rules? What for example are the rules at a funeral, a wedding, opening presents on Christmas realizing you have not won an award in a public forum?
(video) Juneo awards how to act when you lose
Key points : Audience is always with us Communication is not the same as revelation Facial expressions are fluid (need to always consider what comes before and after) Emotions and their matching expressions are complex Consider that emotions are families of emotions and watch the flow
(video) trumps wife not smiling when trump is not looking | U of T study: can you spot the rich face? Video Respondents were right 53% of the time Two groups (under $60,000/yr and over 100,000) A small smile changes the perception (mouth not eyes) Attractiveness was linked to wealth
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Always consider contributing factors and context: power distance individualistic, cultures, collectivist cultures, gender etc
Ekmen (and Friesen’s) faces:
Nonverbal cues used to communicate emotion (e.g. smiles, frowns, signs of boredom)
Paul ekman and Wallace Friesen identified six facial expressions that appear across cultures: anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise.
Although cultures may differ in when and where people display the emotions in their repertoire
Ekman's faces: The seven emotions universally expressed: fear anger (cheeks, mouth, brows, and forehead), surprise, disgust, contempt, sadness, and happiness Different contexts (like driving) create different emotional displays Men display more negative emotions than women, women smile more often SADFISH: sadness, anger, disgust, fear, interest, surprise, happiness
| Display rules: we might deintensify, or overintensify, or mask. The rules are shared and not be spoken Four types, according to Ekmen: Vocational Personal Cultural The need of the moment
Facial blends, facial emblems (OMG) | Types of facial codes : Iconic codes : signals that look like their referents Arbitrary codes : they mean what we want them to mean Intrinsic codes : biologically inherited Motor mimicry : displaying what another person is feeling Audience affects : This changes how readily we express ourselves. May even happen when we are alone. |
Display styles
A person's own display style: witholder, revealer, unwitting expressor (leakage), blanked expressor, substitute expressor, frozen-affect
People will qualify, modify, or falsify something said, with a facial expression
We look for consistency in the emotions tat are presented in the face makes it feel genuine
To Ekmen, the face is a clear “readout” of emotions. Certain emotions always lead to a certain facial expression. The research shows that this might be only mainly true when we are with friends.
Micromomentary facial expressions
Micromomentary facial expressions: when does a person's face briefly change? Reveal true emotions but are repressed. Good lie detectors study these, for a long time and are hypersensitive to tiny gestures
The cry face the glare, the grimace, the play face, the pout
Conversational signals
Codes cont’d
Basic ecology theory facial expressions are virtually never simply emotional and are instead always enacted for social purposes
Affected blends : conveying two emotions at the same time
Parts of the face and its 43 muscles
Different parts of our face do different things : open or close channels of communication complement or qualify other behaviour replace spoken messages
Zygomatic major - matched with orbicularis oculi muscle
Ted talks thought leader (video)
There hand placement every ted taker does that (the let me think hand signs) (trying to focus are energy)
The outfit points to intelligence like he is saying something important but he's not.
Humer, the tone of voice the pacing
Fake belief that he is saying something very important but he's not
Some other typical expressions: (key expressions:) Contempt : slight tightening and raising of the corner of the lip on one side Threat : v-shaped brows, wide eyes, open mouth, and down-turned mouth Anxiety : increased blinking, horizontal mouth stretch, fear signs, more facial movements overall Pride : small smile, head tilted back slightly, expanded posture hands on the hips Embarrassment : looking down, shifting the eyes, turning head away, touching the face, controlled smiles. | FACS: FACS - facial action coding systems distinguishes on the basis of Muscles appearance change Muscle capability for independent action Feedback circuit that allow us to be aware of our own facial movements
Females especially extroverted ones, were better at encoding and decoding non-verbal messages Women are better at eye contact | |
Cmn 2132 non-verbal communications
February 3rd 2025
Eyes and lying
“No mortal can keep a secret. If his lips are silent, he chatters with his fingertips.”
- Sigmund Freud
What do these mean ?
Pupil size : People who have larger pupils were seen as more attractive Pupils can also dilate because of alcohol or drug use Pupils shrink when one is thinking up the lie they dilate when one is actually lying | Key points : Wwe gaze at things that are more rewarding we look away from things we don't like If we cannot see peoples eyes when communicating, communication is strained at best Gaze is a part of a network of other behaviours More gaze can signify a confrontative relationship. Unhealthy couples show eye contact when criticizing or “commanding” but don't show eye contact when affirming Gaze by hostility or affection is longer Gaze aversion is seen as unfavourable in an interview setting suggesting a lack of confidence Gaze brings a responsibility to interact. (if your hiding something … you don't want to) “Turning a blind eye” related to cultural display rules we turn away, especially when we are embarrassed for the other person What are the things we are not supposed to notice/look at we look away form negative physical characteristics
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Terms : Conjugate lateral eye movements: when asked a numerical question, our gaze suggests which side is dominant. Looking left indicates right dominance. Men tend to look to the right, indicating the left brian. Women tend to know what is going on cognitively - how we are processing information. Eye contact- not necessarily eye to eye Gaze avoidance - intentional avoidance of eye contact Gaze and mutual gaze (intense look directly at someone else's eyes) We look away to access mental information In our gaze we examine different parts of the face to make sure we've understood We use other people's eyes for feedback of all sorts Dominant behaviour: is seen in people who gaze more at the person Visual dominance ratio: how long you look at someone while speaking | “Visual egalitarianism”: all members of a group are being looked at equally Leakage: unintended betrayal of feeling the person is trying to conceal Gaze cuing : when we look in the direction of someone else's gaze Morphology: temporal changes in facial musculature people trying to lie work harder at this mouth and lips more than eyes, eyelids and forehead Timing: Ekman and Friesen.. The speed with which the emotion occurs after the event as well as the length of duration and how gradually the expression shifts to a neutral display or expression of another feeling Location : where the expression occurs in the conversational stream. If for example a person displays happiness in a sad moment, or severe anger over something that doesn't require it this is leakage Micro Expressions: they last under a seconds duration |
Functions :
Functions : Regulatory: may be demanded or suppressed by looking Opens and closes channels of communication Turn taking Gaze cuing effect We are obligated now to interact “Civil inattention norm” we acknowledge but don't want to interact Gives backchannel response Helps maintain significant relationships
| Monitoring: checking if we’ve been understood | Cognitive: we look away to figure something out Expressive : our look shows emotional arousal |
All of these (regulatory, monitoring, cognitive and expressive) are influenced by: distance, physical characteristics, personal characteristics and personality, self-esteem
Measuring eye movement by …
Frequency: number of times you look at a conversational partner
Total duration: number of seconds you look at someone
Proportion of time: percentage of total interaction time spent looking at or way
Lying : Burgoon, Knapp, and Miller (1994) on lying :
Lying We lie to get along in society: A liar wants to convince us to “manage our perception”. The liar wants to believe a good narrative Importantto note what question or statement has triggered the significant response Duping delight: when we cant help but show a slight smile because we are convincing the other person of our lie People that are confident and charismatic are better at lying Fewer crimes are committed by introverts When we lie we avoid eye contact, adaptors increase more time between a question and a response. Also look for speech rate, speech errors, pitch variation, response latencies, and pauses Voice pitch may go up but there is a lack of purposive, genuine expressions throughout the body
| Reluctance indicators: someone wants to pull away from the situation Uncertainty indicators: someone is unsure of him/herself and hesitates a lot before saying anything Incongruous answer or different answers: tend to offer few details (we have less familiarity with the lie than with the truth, so it takes more cognitive energy) (online we may end up using far more words because we can edit and we want to manage the conversation) Liars use fewer first-person pronouns because of lack of personal experience or wanting to distance themselves from the lie being told Might be slightly more negative word used Liars use more emotional expressions Use fewer distinction words and more ambiguous See interpersonal deception theory
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One thing about the layers is what type of questions are they trying to answer and how they answer that questions is the response quick is it the same way they answer normally
Hancock et al. (2008) using CMC (computer mediated communication) liars were wordier than truth-tellers used more questions used for causal terms more sense terms
When they think they cant get caught deceives will pepper their lies with details
Fewer personal pronouns suggests that liars are trying to be more other-focused
Cmn 2132 non-verbal communications
February 10th, 2025
Vocalics (paralanguage)
Video (friends - joey and rachel kiss and ross walks in)
Ross Rachel Joey
Little movement only moves part of his arms Body is stiff ready to run away form the situation Frozen on the spot Voice get loud then low Voice get high picht Loss control of this movements and voice
| Moves a lot Plays with her hands Tries to claim the situation Tries to make a joke She's nervous and won't stay still Hides behind joey and tries to take control of the situation
| Very proud of his actions Does not hide what he was doing Maybe a little vengeful Take space showing that he is comfortable Does not show remorse at all Thinking of other thing much as food
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When Movies started to have sounds they were called talkies
Accents help shape how we perceive someone, as well as how we speak can be seen as symbolic.
Paralanguage is the sound that we make with are troths that's not words (Tone makes a big difference)
Consider where the accent is put : He’s giving this money to his sister He’s giving this money to his sister He’s giving this money to his sister His giving this money to his sister He’s giving this money to his sister He’s giving this money to his sister
| What do these emotions sound like? Tired (what does this sound like? Slower, lower, huffing and puffing) Aggressive (what does it sound like? High pitch, loud) happy/boppy Depressed (montone, slow, bored) Bored firm/confrontative Selling something (energic, slow and kind) Macho
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Para-wha? Component of meta-communications concerned with how something is said Also called “vocalics” (non-verbal messages of the voice to add meaning to our verbal communication) People normally use paralanguage multiple times per day and are sometimes not even aware of it. We understand the non-lexical features of speech before we even know word definitions and usages Includes both the intentional and unintentional meanings behind words Tone is more important than gestures when ascertaining how one feels about something spoken (Mehrabian 1967) (important to remember for exam) Children rely more on verbal, adolescents, on a mix, and adults on non-verbals for interpretation. (Morton and trehub 2001) Vocal cues help us to understand the retain information Vocal cues help with persuasion (pitch variation, fewer pauses, faster speech, fluency)
| What do these emotions sound like? Tired (what does this sound like? Slower, lower, huffing and puffing) Aggressive (what does it sound like? High pitch, loud) happy/boppy Depressed (montone, slow, bored) Bored firm/confrontative Selling something (energic, slow and kind) Macho
| Questions : How would your friends describe your speech? How would you describe someone else's speech ? What are the things that make someone's voice/speech either attractive or unattractive? |
George L. Trager
Qualities of paralanguage
Qualities can include: How we pronounce words (pronunciation) How clear the words are (articulation) What intensity we speak with (loudness) Range of the voice in conversation (pitch) How long the sound is (duration) Rate of speech (regularity) Absence of sound (silence) A speaker,timber, tone, etc. (quality)
| Vocal functions Identification and self-presentation Controlling interaction Relationships wit other interactions Display of cognitive and affective information Deception | Voice qualities : Pitch range (high vs low) Vocal/lip control (ie. hoarseness or raspiness) Glottis control (amount of air passing through throat) Articulation control (are the sounds precise and clear?) Tempo control (rate of voice. Ie 125 wpm for american) Resonance (amount of reverberation in the head cavity) Rhythm control (smooth, sing-song, jerky) | Vocalizations : Vocal characterizers: sounds that stand alone as symbols Voice qualifiers : temporary variations in pitch, volume and rate of speech Intensity Pitch height Duration
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Vocal segregates: fillers, meaningless words or sounds that are used to fill a pause
My fair lady
Can you change one's status by changing thor manners and accents?
Why can't the :
Accents and dialects Three basic dimensions determine how we evaluate others dialects (mulac, 1976) Sociointellectual status (occupation, income, etc.) Aesthetic quality (pleasing/displeasing accent) Dynamism (aggressiveness, loudness of voice)
We prefer accents that are closer to our own, perceived as more rewarding | Accents and dialect Sometimes can be unintentional |
Turn-taking cont,d
Socioeconomic class variables in turn - taking
Conclusions (robbins, devoe & wiener 1978)
Working class speakers emit unfilled pauses and open inflection behaviours significantly more often
Middle class speakers emit filled pauses and downward inflection behaviours significantly more often
Working class speakers emit greater variation of ambiguous regulators
Middle class speakers initiate continuous regulators significantly more often
We use vocalics to regulate conversation Turn requesting Turn-yielding cues Turn-denying cues Pauses
| Turn-taking cont,d Socioeconomic class variables in turn - taking Conclusions (robbins, devoe & wiener 1978) Working class speakers emit unfilled pauses and open inflection behaviours significantly more often Middle class speakers emit filled pauses and downward inflection behaviours significantly more often Working class speakers emit greater variation of ambiguous regulators Middle class speakers initiate continuous regulators significantly more often
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Relationship of interactants
Relationships can be on several levels those of interest on the vocal level: attraction, influence, credibility and emotion
Attraction, influence and credibility
People are more socially attractive when their speech matches our own
Relational vocal cues could provide indicators of attractiveness, composure, extroversion, influence (hickson & stacks, 1991)
Emotion
Role of voice in the process of emotion is significant
Eight vocal characteristics are associated with how emotions are displayed (scherer, 1979):
Amplitude variation: moderate/extreme
Pitch variation : moderate /extreme
Pitch level; high/low
Tempo; slow / fast
Duration ; round / sharp
Filtration: low/moderate/extreme
Tonality: atonal/tonal-major
Rhythm: rhythmic/ not rhythmic
Extroversion : fluency, fewer pauses, easier switches, faster rate, louder speech, more contrast, and more speaking time.
Masculine: poorer enunciation, less expressive, lower pitch, slower, louder
Women with lower voices were perceived as more dominant
Voice types (and attributions) Breathy = sexy, spacy, artistic? Tense = anxious, less intelligent, high - strung? Nasal = whiny, argumentative Flat = bored, sluggish, aloof Thin = immature, emotional Throaty = sophisticated, careless,older
| What else do we tell from voice; | Deception The more questions asked the easier it becomes to catch the deception As a culture we are fascinated with lying and notion of deception General conclusion; Much more can be found out about lying through the use of verbal communication but nonverbal cues can also combined
Non verbal cues are more accurate than verbal |