Motivation__Emotion___Stress

Page 1: Motivation in Psychology

• Introduction to motivation in AP Psychology.

Page 2: Definition of Motivation

• Motivation: Involves all the processes that initiate, direct, and maintain activities.

• Quote: "It's not that I'm lazy; it's that I just don't care."

Page 3: Types of Motivation

• Drive:

  • Biologically instigated motivation creating tension that seeks correction.

  • Example: Drinking water when thirsty.

• Motive:

  • Learned motivational processes.

  • Example: Achievement.

• Distinction:

  • Motive is the underlying need or desire.

  • Drive is the energy or force to act.

Page 4: Extrinsic vs. Intrinsic Motivation

• Extrinsic Motivation:

  • Performing behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment.

• Intrinsic Motivation:

  • Performing behavior for its own sake and effectiveness.

Page 5: Comparing Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivation

• Research indicates intrinsic motivation tends to be more effective than extrinsic motivation.

• Extrinsic can work alongside intrinsic motivation; Example: Journalism students fundraising for a convention (extrinsic = money, intrinsic = desire to go).

Page 6: Problems with Extrinsic Motivation

• Concern: Behaviors maintained by extrinsic motivation may not sustain without it.

• Example: Will a student's grades drop if parents stop financially rewarding them for A's and B's?

• Evidence suggests removal of extrinsic motivation can lead to behaviors that are lower than pre-reward levels.

Page 7: Theories of Motivation

• Instinct Theory:

  • Behaviors determined by innate factors for survival.

  • William James as a key psychologist.

  • Terms evolved to "fixed-action patterns."

  • Example: Birds migrating, salmon spawning.

• Questions about the validity of this theory arise.

Page 8: Drive Reduction Theory

• Drive-Reduction Theory:

  • Physiological needs create tension (drive) that motivates to satisfy those needs.

  • Example: Hunger drive motivates eating.

  • Aims for homeostasis (biological balance).

Page 9: Homeostasis and Incentive Theory

• Homeostasis:

  • Tendency to maintain a balanced internal state.

  • Regulation of body chemistry around levels.

• Incentive Theory:

  • Positive environmental stimuli that motivate behavior.

Page 10: Arousal Theory

• Motivation arises from seeking an optimal level of arousal.

Page 11: Yerkes-Dodson Law

• Performance on tasks peaks at optimal arousal levels.

Page 12: Optimal Level of Arousal Theory

• Best performance occurs when arousal level is neither too high nor too low.

• Balance between boredom (low arousal) and anxiety (high arousal).

Page 13: Self-Determination Theory

• Basic Psychological Needs:

  • Autonomy: Control and choice in behaviors.

  • Competence: Effectiveness and mastery of actions.

  • Relatedness: Connection to others and sense of belonging.

Page 14-16: Lewin’s Motivational Conflicts Theory

• Approach/Avoidance Conflicts:

  • Attracted and repulsed by the same situation.

  • Example: Marriage.

• Approach/Approach Conflicts:

  • Choosing between two desirable outcomes (e.g., vacation destinations).

• Avoidance/Avoidance Conflicts:

  • Choosing between two undesirable outcomes (e.g., study vs chores).

Page 17: Sensation Seeking Theory

• Tendency to seek new and intense experiences despite associated risks.

• Four Dimensions:

  • Thrill and adventure seeking: Outdoor activities with risks.

  • Experience seeking: New sensory or mental experiences.

  • Disinhibition: Preference for uncontrolled activities.

  • Boredom susceptibility: Intolerance for repetition.

Page 18: Hunger Motivation

• Hormones

  • Ghrelin: Produced in gastrointestinal tract, stimulates hunger.

  • Leptin: Hormone from adipose cells, promotes satiety.

Page 19: Role of the Hypothalamus

• Lateral Hypothalamus: Hunger center; stimulates hunger. Lesioning results in permanent lack of hunger.

• Ventromedial Hypothalamus: Satiety center; stimulates fullness. Lesioning results in never feeling full.

Page 20: Pituitary Gland Regulatory Function

• Releases cortisol to regulate blood glucose levels.

• Low blood glucose triggers eating behavior.

Page 21: Understanding Emotion

• Emotion: Complex reaction pattern involving thoughts, feelings, and actions.

• Components: Experiential, behavioral, and physiological elements.

Page 22: Facial Feedback Hypothesis

• Facial expressions influence emotions. Rooted in research by Darwin and James.

• Example: Smiling can induce happiness even when initially feeling sad.

Page 23: Broaden and Build Theory

• Positive emotions expand thought-action repertoires, fostering resilience and connections.

• Example: Positivity aids in handling emergencies better than negativity.

Page 24: Universality of Emotions

• Universal emotion expressions are recognized across cultures despite language differences.

Page 25: Seven Basic Emotions

• Identified by Paul Ekman: Sadness, fear, anger, disgust, contempt, happiness, and surprise.

Page 26-33: Expressions of Basic Emotions

• Anger: Eyebrows down, eyes glare, lips narrow.

• Contempt: Lip corner raised on one side.

• Disgust: Nose wrinkling, upper lip raised.

• Fear: Eyebrows raised and together, eyes wide.

• Happiness: Crow's feet, pushed-up cheeks, eye muscle movement.

• Sadness: Drooping eyelids, loss of focus, downturned lip corners.

• Surprise: Eyebrows raised, eyes widened, mouth open.

Page 34: Display Rules

• Display rules: Culturally specific norms for expressing emotions as defined by Ekman.

Page 35: Psychological Theories of Emotion

• James-Lange Theory: Emotions follow physiological responses.

• Cannon-Bard Theory: Emotions and physiological responses occur simultaneously.

Page 36: Schachter Two-Factor Theory

• Emotions result from both internal physical state and external context.

Page 37: Emotion Processing Diagram

• Shows relationships between stimulus, physiological arousal, and resulting emotions.

Page 38: Health Psychology Overview

• Health Psychology: Examines psychological, behavioral, and cultural impacts on health.

Page 39: Understanding Stress

• Stress: Response process to perceived stressors (threatening or challenging events).

• Stress definitions:

  • Stressor: A situation demanding adaptation.

  • Eustress: Positive response to stress.

Page 40: Traumatic Stressors

• Events that threaten safety and create feelings of helplessness (e.g., natural disasters, violence).

• Human-made catastrophes tend to have worse psychological impacts.

Page 41: Response to Traumatic Stressors

• Common stages following trauma:

  1. Psychic Numbness: Shock and confusion.

  2. Automatic Action: Little awareness, poor memory.

  3. Communal Effort: Collective but unplanned action.

  4. Letdown: Recognition of the event's impact.

  5. Recovery: Adaptation to disaster changes.

Page 42: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

• Symptoms can appear long after trauma.

• Common symptoms include distraction, disorganization, memory issues, and feelings of alienation.

Page 43: Normal Stressor Responses

• Responses include:

  • Arousal Initiation

  • Fight or Flight Reaction

  • Internal Autonomic Response

  • Decreased Immune System Effectiveness

Page 44: Types of Stress

• Acute Stress: Short-term, distinct onset.

• Chronic Stress: Long-term, continuous arousal.

Page 45: General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

• Responses to chronic stress:

  • Alarm Reaction: Resource mobilization.

  • Resistance: Adaptation to stressor remains high.

  • Exhaustion: Resource depletion leads to vulnerability.

Page 46: Phase 1 - Alarm

• Activation of fight-or-flight in response to threatening stimulus.

• Sympathetic nervous system activates, increasing heart rate.

Page 47: Phase 2 - Resistance

• Prolonged stress state if threat persists.

• Blood pressure and respiration remain high, release of epinephrine and norepinephrine.

Page 48: Phase 3 - Exhaustion

• Continuous resistance use leads to fatigue, increased illness vulnerability, or collapse.

Page 49: Hypertension

• Persistently high blood pressure, may require medication.

Page 50: Coping with Stress

• Tend-and-befriend Response: Seeking social support and nurturing others.

• Problem-focused Coping: Alleviating stress by changing the situation.

• Emotion-focused Coping: Addressing emotional needs through avoidance or distraction (e.g., meditation).