1. List and briefly describe the five main characteristics of the preoperational stage. 

   1. Symbolic representation - using symbols (objects, words, gestures) to represent other objects or ideas. 

   2. Egocentrism - difficulty understanding that others have different perspectives than their own. 

   3. Centration - tendency to focus on only one aspect of a situation

   4. Lack of Conservation - not understanding that when an object’s appearance changes, the object remains fundamentally the same

   5. Magical Thinking - believing that their own thoughts and actions have real influence on the world around them. 

2. Finish the sentence: Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory emphasizes the importance of: social interactions, cultural context, and language in shaping cognitive development, particularly during early childhood. 

3. List and briefly describe the five tenets of Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory. (Zebras Swim, Can Penguins Canter?)

   1. Zone of proximal development - gap between a child’s current independent abilities and the level they can achieve with assistance from a more knowledgeable other. 

   2. Scaffolding - support from a more knowledgeable other to accomplish tasks in the ZPD

   3. Cultural tools - things that mediate a child’s interactions with the world and facilitate cognitive development, such as language

   4. Private speech - talking to self aloud while engaging in activities as a means to regulate behavior, plan actions, and solve problems. 

   5. Cultural context - practices, beliefs, and values that influence a child’s learning experiences and development of cognitive skills, social behavior, and identity. 

4. List and briefly explain the four facets of forming a “self-concept”.

   1. Attributes - identifying features

   2. Abilities - skills, talents, or capacities

   3. Attitudes - ways of thinking, feeling, or behaving

   4. Values - beliefs, practices, and standards

5. List and explain in one sentence each the four parenting styles. 

   1. Authoritative - high acceptance, high involvement, adaptive control

   2. Authoritarian - low acceptance, low involvement, high control

   3. Permissive - high acceptance, low control, low involvement

   4. Uninvolved - low acceptance, low involvement, low control

6. List the six ways culture can affect parenting style. 

   1. Cultural beliefs and values

   2. Parental role expectations

   3. Communication patterns

   4. Socialization patterns

   5. Family structure and dynamics

   6. Economic and sociopolitical factors

7. List the seven components of physical growth in middle childhood that we discussed in class. 

   1. Steady physical growth

   2. Motor skill refinement

   3. Physical fitness

   4. Changes in body composition

   5. Health and nutrition

   6. Sleep patterns

   7. Hygiene and safety practices

8. What are the benefits of participation in youth sports that we discussed in class? 

   1. Promotes healthy habits

   2. fosters social skills and teamwork

9. List and explain any 3 of the memory strategies we discussed in class. 

   1. Chunking - breaking information into smaller, more manageable pieces

   2. Association - connecting new information with something already known

   3. Repetition - repeating things over and over again until it “sticks”

10. Name and describe any one of the four types of play most common in early childhood. 

    1. Cooperative play - oriented toward a common goal, like make-believe play

Questions from Quiz 5:

1. List and briefly explain the 3 aspects involved in spatial reasoning. MR SAV

   1. Mental rotation - flipping or rotating objects in your mind

   2. Spatial awareness - knowing where objects are in relation to each other and yourself

   3. Visualizing - picturing things in your mind

2. What are the 5 aspects of executive functioning that develop in middle childhood?

   1. Improved planning and organization

   2. Enhanced problem-solving skills

   3. Enhanced working memory

   4. Better inhibition and self control

   5. Increased attention and concentration

3. What are the 5 developmental milestones of cognitive self-regulation in middle childhood?

   1. Goal setting and planning

   2. Monitoring and evaluation

   3. Emotional regulation

   4. Impulse control

   5. Flexibility and adaptability

4. List the 6 key milestones of moral development in middle childhood.

   1. Understanding rules and consequences

   2. Developing empathy and perspective-taking

   3. Learning moral values and principles

   4. Social comparison and peer influence

   5. Developing moral reasoning

   6. Internalizing moral standards

5. List and briefly describe each of the 5 categories of children that we discussed in class. 

   1. PR CNA

   2. Popular - liked by most peers

   3. Rejected - disliked by most peers, need intervention from adults to overcome negative reputation

   4. Controversial - liked and disliked by peers, but have strong positive qualities that protect them from exclusion

   5. Neglected - typically well-adjusted, not strongly liked or disliked by peers

   6. Average - liked and disliked by peers

6. What are the 6 ways sibling relationships develop in middle childhood?

   1. Increased interaction and cooperation

   2. Sibling rivalry and conflict

   3. Emergence of social comparison

   4. Support and companionship

   5. Development of sibling relationships

   6. Influence of parenting and family dynamics

7. What are the four different types of self-esteem we discussed in class?

   1. Academic competence

   2. Social competence

   3. physical/athletic competence

   4. Physical appearance

8. Define the difference between primary and secondary sexual characteristics and list one example of each.

   1. Primary - directly involve reproductive organs

   2. Secondary - visible and serve as additional signs of sexual maturity

9. The male gonads called testes produce this sex hormone: testosterone. The female gonads called ovaries produce these two hormones: estrogen & progesterone.

10. List the 8 components of physical development.

    1. Puberty

    2. Growth spurt

    3. Changes in body composition

    4. Sexual development

    5. Changes in reproductive organs

    6. Brain development

    7. Emotional and psychological changes 

    8. Conclusion of growth

Three bolded things from last two lectures: (definitely have to know all three!!!)

1. 7 main concepts of Formal Operational Stage

   1. Abstract thinking

   2. Hypothetical deductive reasoning

   3. Propositional thought

   4. Logical reasoning

   5. Metacognition

   6. Egocentrism declines

   7. Moral reasoning development 

2. Kholberg’s theory of moral development:

   1. Explains how people develop their sense of right and wrong as they grow up. 

   2. Has three levels: pre-conventional (moral judgements based on consequences), conventional (moral judgements based on societal expectations and authority), and post-conventional (moral judgements based on universal human rights and ethical principles)

3. Five phases of emerging adulthood:

   1. Identity exploration - exploration of various aspects of identity, from personal values, beliefs, goals, relationships, and possible career paths

   2. Instability - frequent changes and instability in work, education, relationships, and living arrangements. 

   3. Self-focus -  focused on own development, prioritizing personal growth, exploration, and self-discovery. 

   4. Feeling in-between - grappling with the challenges of transitioning from dependence to independence

   5. Possibilities - Emerging adulthood is a time of opportunity, flexibility, and potential.