Chapter Ten, Section 2 Reading Guide

1. Explain the difference between political socialization and political ideology.

   1.  Political socialization refers to the experiences and factors that shape an individual’s political ideology, a coherent set of beliefs about government and politics.

2. What is the number one contributor to one’s political socialization?

   1.  The person’s family.

3. Describe how each of the following impact one’s political socialization.

   1. Family: shapes children’s views about political figures and political authority.

   2. School: Civic education. Also, schools introduce children to the basics of government. Respectfulness, rule of law, law and order

   3. Peers: Introduces a child to ideas outside of their family and helps them shape their own opinion.

4. State the political ideology (liberal/democrat or conservative/republican and) that is generally associated with each of the following demographic groups.

   1. Jews: One of the most liberal groups in the country

   2. White Catholics (today): More conservative

   3. Hispanic Catholics (today): More liberal than white catholics

   4. Evangelical/born-again white Christians: One of the most conservative groups

   5. Muslims: Favor the democratic party

5. How do religious and civic groups impact one’s political socialization

   1. Religious groups: Introduce religious ideas and lead one towards a certain party based off of these ideas.

   2. Civic groups: Volunteering for Habitat for Humanity or other local groups brings people together in their communities, where they learn to work for a common goal, compromise, and are exposed to different viewpoints.

6. Define generational effect

   1.  The impact of historical events experienced by a generation upon their political views.

7. What are some historic generational effects of the 20th and 21st centuries?

   1. World war one, world war two, covid, great depression (ex people who went through the great depression showing a distrust of banks)

8. What is a life-cycle effect?

   1.  The impact of a person’s age and stage in life on his or her political views.

9. Provide the textbook example of a life-cycle effect.

   1.  “People who just graduated from college have different ideas about politics and the role of government from older Americans retiring from the workforce.”

10. Explain how political participation changes from one’s younger years to older years.

    1.  Individuals who just graduated from high school may be more interested in college tuition assistance and the upcoming job market than workers who just retired and are concerned about Social Security and Medicare. Young people may not be well informed about political issues, or they may not think they have much at stake in policy debates. As people age, they vote at higher rates and their levels of political interest and involvement rise.

11. Explain how the Vietnam War and Watergate became a generational effect.

    1.  These events coincided with a sharp drop in public trust and confidence in government.

12. Explain how 9/11 became a generational effect.

    1.  Public views shifted. After a brief period of patriotism and unity immediately following the attacks, a contentious debate emerged over how to balance security with personal liberty and privacy interests. 

13. Explain a similarity and difference with the “silent generation” and millennials.

    1.  Like the silent generation, millennials also  experienced a major financial crisis in adolescence and early adulthood that has encouraged them to save money and spend conservatively.

Chapter Ten, Section 3 Reading Guide

1. Define Globalization

   1.  The increasing interconnectedness of people, businesses, and countries throughout the world.

2. How does globalization impact the decisions made by policymakers?

   1.  Policymakers must consider the actions and potential actions of other governments and nongovernmental factors and institutions, the threat of military conflict, and the inescapable reality that their decisions will affect not just Americans but people across the globe.

3. America should return to isolationism and remove itself from globalization.  Agree or disagree?  Explain your thoughts.

   1.  I disagree to an extent. America is a global superpower and to maintain the power it holds still needs to maintain its prevalence in this world. However, I do feel as if America does not need to act as the world police force as it insists on being in today's climate.

4. Define and then explain the impact of each of the following:

   1. Multinational corporations: They are companies that make, transport, and market goods and services in two or more countries. Some large MNCs, like Nike, McDonalds, and Amazon produce an annual profit larger than the gross domestic product of most countries. While the United States may regulate what these countries do within its borders, it is more difficult to control their activities overseas.

   2. Nongovernmental organizations: They are independent groups outside of the government that work toward a public cause. NGOs can be a lifeline for the world’s most vulnerable people.

   3. Intergovernmental organizations: These organizations are a challenge to sovereignty. consisting of member states. Countries join IGOs because they believe that the benefits of membership outweigh the loss of sovereignty over decision making.

      1. EU: This developed in the aftermath of World War II. To join the EU, countries must meet certain criteria for democratic government. EU member countries must agree to follow EU guidelines in three areas: economy and trade, justice and home affairs, and foreign and security policy. EU member countries give up sovereignty in exchange for the benefits of being part of the organization.

      2. WTO: It is an IGO that focuses on free markets. As of 2016, the WTO had 164 member countries, including the United States. It sets rules to encourage the free flow of capital, goods, and services between countries.

5. What is meant by free trade?

   1.  This imposes few restrictions on the flow of goods and services across national borders. (not many restrictions on people in one country trading in another country, mainly about tariffs)

6. What are two complications of free trade?

   1.  Economic inequality 

   2. Environmental degradation 

7. What is a regional trade agreement?

   1.  They bring a group of nations into an overall agreement.

8. Demonstrate an understanding of the following

   1. NAFTA: This is the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) with Canada and Mexico, increasing trade between the nations. NAFTA created some American jobs, such as positions in design and business services, but it also cost Americans jobs in manufacturing, an outcome criticized by President Trump.

   2. Trans-Pacific Partnership: This is a regional trade agreement struck between twelve nations along the Pacific Rim, including Mexico, Australia, and East Asian and South American nations. 

   3. USMCA (research this one): The new United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA) will support mutually beneficial trade leading to freer markets, fairer trade, and robust economic growth in North America. (kind of revised NAFTA)

9. How has globalization encouraged democratization?

   1.  Because certain countries that join international organizations have to agree to certain democratic agreements to join that organization to receive those benefits,

10. How have some argued that globalization can improve human rights?

    1.  Because Globalization may make it more difficult for authoritarian states to operate without consequences. NGOs such as Reporters Without Borders, which compiles data about freedom of the press, Transparency International, which keeps track of government corruption, and Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch, which publicize human rights abuses and demand compliance with international laws, all engage in fact-finding, reporting, legal advocacy, and media campaigns to educate the public about human rights abuses.

11. How has technology increased government accountability?

    1.  Globalization can spread democratic ideals, and technology can help citizens hold their governments more accountable.

12. Provide FIVE examples that demonstrate the dark side of globalization.

    1.  Job displacement (outsourcing)

    2. Exploitation of labor

    3. Environmental damage

    4. Cultural homogenization

    5. Increased economic inequality