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Imperialism Rise in Nationalism • During the French and Industrial Revolution, nationalism continued to inspire nations to increase their political and economic power. • Nationalism became the ideal force in the political, economic, and cultural life in the world, becoming the first universal ideology-organizing all people into a nation state. Nationalism Defined • The strong belief that the interest of a particular nation-state is of primary importance. o Nation-State – a state where the vast majority shares the same culture and is conscious of it. It is an ideal in which cultural boundaries match up with political ones. • As an ideology, it is based on the idea that the individual’s loyalty and devotion to the nation-state surpass other individual/group interests. • Exalting one nation’s belief above all others and placing primary emphasis on promotion of its culture and interests, excluding the interests of others. Changing the World through a Nationalistic Vision • The French Revolution significantly changed the political world and how countries govern. • The Industrial Revolution significantly changed the economic world. • The Age of Imperialism (1870-1914) dramatically changed the political, economic, and social world. What is Imperialism? • Imperialism- The policy of extending the rule of authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies. Power and influence are done through diplomacy or military force. Reasons for Imperialism • There are 5 main motives for empires to seek to expand their rule over other countries or territories: 1. Exploratory • Imperial nations wanted to explore territory unknown to them. • The main purpose for this exploration of new lands was for resource acquisition, medical or scientific research. o Charles Darwin • Other reasons: o Cartography (map making) o Adventure 2. Ethnocentric • Europeans acted on the concept of ethnocentrism o Ethnocentrism- the belief that one race or nation is superior to others. • Ethnocentrism developed out of Charles Darwin’s “survival of the fittest” theory. Philosophers used the theory to explain why there were superior races and inferior races. o This became known as Social Darwinism. • Most imperial nations believed that their cultural values or beliefs were superior to other nations or groups. • Believed imperial conquest would bring successful culture to inferior people. 3. Religious • Imperial expansion promoted a religious movement of people setting out to convert new members of conquered territories. • With the belief that Christianity was superior, missionaries believed it was their duty to spread Christianity to the world. • Christian missionaries established churches, and in doing so, they spread Western culture values as well. • Typically, missionaries spread the imperial nation's language through education and religious interactions. 4. Political • Patriotism and Nationalism helped spur our imperial growth, thus creating competition against other supremacies. • It was a matter of national pride, respect, and security. • Furthermore, European rivalry spurred nations for imperial conquest. Since land equaled power, the more land a country could acquire the more prestige they could wield across the globe. • Empires wanted strategic territory to ensure access for their navies and armies around the world. • The empire believed they must expand, thus they needed to be defended. 5. Economic • With the Industrial Revolution taking place during the same time, governments and private companies contributed to find ways to maximize profits. • Imperialized countries provided European factories and markets with natural resources (old and new) to manufacture products. • Trading posts were strategically placed around imperialized countries to maximize and increase profits. o Such places as the Suez Canal in Egypt which was controlled by the British provided strategic choke hold over many European powers. o Imperial powers competed over the best potential locations for resources, markets, and trade. History of Imperialism • Ancient Imperialism 600 BCE-500 CE o Roman Empire, Ancient China, Greek Empire, Persian Empire, Babylonian Empire. • Middle Age Imperialism (Age of Colonialism-1400-1800s) o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Netherlands (Dutch), Russia. • Age of Imperialism 1870-1914 o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Japan, United States, Ottoman Empire, Russia. • Current Imperialism...? o U.S. Military intervention (i.e. Middle East) o Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine. Imperialism Colonialism • Refers to political or economic control, either legally or illegally. • Refers to where one nation assumes control over the other. • Creating an empire, expanding into neighboring regions and expanding the dominance far outside its borders. • Where a country conquers and rules over other regions for exploiting resources from the conquered country for the conqueror's benefit. • Foreign government controls/governs a territory without significant settlement. • Foreign government controls/governs the territory from within the land being colonized. • Little to no new settlement established on fresh territory. • Movement to settle to fresh territory. Age of Colonialism WHEN? • Started around the late 1400s and ended around the late 1700s/early 1800s. WHY? • Primary Reason: European countries, wished to find a direct trade route to Asia (China & India) and the East Indies. o Quicker and relatively more effective than land routes over Asia. • Secondary Reason: Empire expansion (land power) WHO? • Countries involved: Great Britain, France, Spain, the Dutch & Portugal. • Individuals’ knowns as Mercantilists believed that maintaining imperialized territory and colonizing the region could serve as a source of wealth, while personal motives by rulers, explorers, and missionaries could therefore promote their own agenda. o This agenda being “Glory, God and Gold”. Mercantilism • Mercantilism was a popular and main economic system for many European nations during the 16th to 18th centuries. • The main goal was to increase a nation’s wealth by promoting government rule of a nation’s economy for the purpose of enhancing state power at the expense of rival national power. • It was the economic counterpart of political absolutism. Why did mercantilists want colonies? • Mercantilists believed that a country must have an excess of exports over imports. • By colonizing territory, it provided the nation with indispensable wealth of precious raw materials. • Therefore, the claimed territory served as a market and supplier of raw materials for the mother country. Which, in time, provided an excess of exports for the nation and thus created wealth. o Development of Trading Companies to support this economic system. Hudson Bay Company – (1670). Controlled primarily North America. o Dutch East Indie Trading Company (1682) o East Indian Trading Company (1600) o Royal African Trade Company (1672) WHERE? • European nations begun to colonize the America, India and the East Indies to create a direct trade route. • Great Britain was the leading power in India, Australia and North America, South Africa. • Spain colonized central and South America. • French held Louisiana, coastal land of Africa and French Guinea. • The Dutch built an empire in the East Indies. • The Portuguese was able to take control of present-day Brazil and the southern tip of South America and Japan. Age of Colonialism • As countries started to imperialize these regions, eventually the concept of colonization took hold: • This is what makes the Age of Colonialism extremely different! End of Colonialism • By 1800, colonialism became less popular • Why? o Revolutions (Spain, France & American) o The Napoleonic Wars o Struggle for nationalism and democracy. o Exhausted all money and energy to supervise their colonies. Waiting to wake again • Imperialism would stay quiet for close to 50 years before Great Britain and France’s economies revitalized. • The outbreak of the Industrial Revolution only encouraged and revitalized European nations to begin their conquest for new territory and resources. Age of Imperialism THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA 1870-1914 Conditions Prior to Imperialism of Africa  European interest in exploiting Africa was minimal.  Their economic interests & profit in Africa primarily came through coastal trade that took place during the 1500-1700s.  The slave trade became the main source of European profit.  Furthermore, disease, political instability, lack of transportation and unpredictable climate all discouraged Europeans from seeking territory. Slave Trade & the Trans-Atlantic Slave Voyages  Forced labor was not uncommon during the 13-17th Centuries. Africans and Europeans had been trading goods and people across the Mediteranea for centuries.  This all changed from 1526 to 1867, as a new system of slavery was introduced that became highly “commercialized, racialized and inherited”  By 1690, the America and West Indies saw approximately 30,000 African people shipped from Africa. A century later, that number grew to 85,000 people per year.  By 1867, approximately 12.5 million people (about twice the population of Arizona) left Africa in a slave ship. What Changed? 1. End of the Slave Trade- Left a need for trade between Europe and Africa. 2. Innovation in technology- The steam engine and iron hulled boats allowed Europe 3. Discovery of new raw materials- Explorers located vast raw materials and resources and this only spurred imperialism with Europe in the wake of the Industrial Revolution. 4. Politics- Unification of Germany and Italy left little room to expand in Europe. Germany and Italy both needed raw materials to “catch up” with Britain and France so they looked to Africa. The Scramble for Africa  The scramble started in 1870.  Although some coastal land had previously been acquired before 1870, the need for territory quickly accelerated as European countries looked t get deeper into Africa.  Within 20 years, nearly all continents were placed under imperialistic rule. Who was Involved?  Great Britain  France  Germany  Italy  Portugal  Belgium  Spain (kind) Violent Affairs  Violence broke out multiple times when European nations looked to claim the same territory.  Germ Chancellor. Otto van Bismarck. Attempted to avert the possibility of violence against the European powers.  In 1884, Bismarck organized a conference in Berlin for the European nations. The Berlin Conference (1884-85)  The conference looked to set ground rules for future annexation of African territory by European Nations.  Annexation is the forcible acquisition and assertion of legal title over one state’s territory by another state, usually following military occupation of the territory.  From a distant perspective, it looked like it would reduce tensions among European nations and avert war.  At the heart of the meeting, these European countries negotiated their claims to African territory, made it official and then mapped their regions.  Furthermore, the leaders agreed to allow free trade among imperialized territory and some homework for negotiating future European claims in Africa was established. Further Path  After the conference, european powers continued to expand their claims in Africa so that by 1900. 90% of the African territory had been claimed. A Turn towards Colonization?  Upon the imperialization of African territory, European nations and little interest in African land unless it produced economic wealth.  Therefore, European governments put little effort and expertise into these imperialized regions.  In most cases, this emat a form of indirect rule. Thus, governing the natin without sufficient settlement and government from within the mother country. Some Exceptions  There were some exemptions through in Africa as colonization was a necessary for some regions i n Africa.  Some regions where diamonds and gold were present. Government looked to protectorate the regions and establish rule and settlement in the regions.  Protectorates: A state controlled and protected by another state for defense against aggression and other law violations. Would  Some examples include South Africa, Botswana, Zimbabwe and Congo. Conclusion  Although it may appear that the Berlin Conference averted war amid the African Scramble, imperialism eventually brought the world into worldwide conflict.  With the continued desire to create an empire by European nations. World War 1 would break out which can be linked to this quest at imperialism.
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Tema 1: Introducció

Tema 1: Introducció:

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1.1 Sensació i percepció:

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En el dia a dia la diferència entre els dos termes és gairebé indiferent. No establim gaires diferències entre els dos.

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En l’àmbit científic, és una distinció que ja no es fa molt avui dia.

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Sensació:

  • Detecció i transducció d'estímuls a impulsos elèctrics
  • Dona lloc a un percepte (pot fer-ho però NO sempre)
  • Pas previ necessari per a la percepció
  • Origen als òrgans sensorials → s’ha d'estimular un òrgan

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Percepció:

  • Agafa i selecciona i interpreta els impulsos, és següent pas de la sensació
  • No dona lloc a una sensació (és només unidireccional)
  • Si no hi ha sensació → NO hi ha percepció
  • S'origina al cervell → els impulsos de la sensació arriben al cervell i allà és on s'interpreta

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Cicle perceptiu o cicle percepció-acció:

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  • La finalitat última de la percepció és l’acció, poder interactuar amb el món que ens envolta, no necessàriament ha de ser una cosa gran com prendre decisions.
  • Comença amb un estímul (aquest estímul pot ser físic o no)
  • “S’ilumina”[a]
  • Que estimula la nostra retina
  • Si és prou intensa activa receptors que porten a un processament neuronal
  • Ens dona la percepció
  • I la percepció ens pot donar un reconeixement
  • Percepció i reconeixement estan lligats amb el nostre coneixement previ (les experiències) → retroalimentació
  • Poden donar a l’acció

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Percepció → serveix per interpretar i interaccionar amb el món físic

  • Hem d’interpretar el món físic, ja que consisteix en energia, molècules i àtoms.
  • NO existeixen colors, sons ni olors
  • Són les nostres interpretacions de les variables físiques

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Foto vaca i gos:

  • Són estímuls sorollosos → Són poc definits
  • Tots tenim la mateixa sensació (el tipus d'estimulació i d'activació és igual per tothom) però el percepte és diferent

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Processos guiats per les dades / Processos guiats pels conceptes:

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Processos guiats per les dades: més importants / tenen més predominança per quan estan ben marcats, la informació és suficient, no necessito fer un esforç.

  • A partir de la informació

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Processos guiats pels conceptes: predominen quan tinc estímuls sorollosos, que estan poc definits

  • Els models (coneixement previ, memòria, experiència…) ens influeixen

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Processos guiats per les dades → Bottom-up (data driven)

Processos guiats pels conceptes → Top-down (schema driven)

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Si l’estímul és informativament pobre, és distorsionat, té soroll visual… → Té predomini top-down

Si l’estímul és informativament ric → Té predomini bottom-up

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No es donen processos purament d’un tipus o d’un altre, depèn en gran part de la riquesa informativa de l’estímul.

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1.2 Sistemes sensorials, fonts d’estimulació i nivells perceptius:

5 modalitats clàssiques:

  • Energia electromagnètica = captada per fotoreceptors
  • Energia mecànica = sistema auditiu, sistema hàptic
  • Concentracions de molècules (químiques) = receptors olfactius i gustatius

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Modalitats no-clàssiques:

  • Propiocepció
  • Equilibriocepció
  • Termocepció
  • Nocicepció
  • Magnetocepció

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Classificació alternativa de les modalitats sensorials de Sherrington: (1906):

  • Exteroceptors: Sentits que capten l’energia externa (del cos)

  • Propioceptors: Sensibles a informació de moviments, postura, to muscular i equilibri

  • Interoceptors: Sensibles a informació visceral

  • Dermorreceptors: Sensors de la pell (temperatura, dolor i contacte)

    Nivells perceptius:

  • Detecció: presència d’un estímul

  • Discriminació: Diferenciació entre estímuls

  • Reconeixement: Estímul prèviament presentat

  • Categorització: Adscripció estímul a concepte representat en memòria

  • Estimació: Judicis quantitatius

Nivells de menys a més complex

Els nivells perceptius NO són exclusius, és a dir, que no cal que es donin tots alhora, no tenen per què donar-se tots els nivells alhora.

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1.3 Distinció entre món físic i percepte:

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Estimulació física pot ser igual però tenir un percepte diferent, o al revés.

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Per entendre el que ocorre durant el procés perceptiu, cal primer entendre la diferència entre estímul distal (distant)  i estímul proximal (pròxim)

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  • L’estímul distal són els objectes i els events “reals” del nostre entorn (ex. en visió: llum reflectida per un objecte)
  • L’estímul proximal són els patrons d’activació que els receptors obtenen de l’estímul distal o, en altres paraules, la mostra que els sensors obtenen de l’estímul distal (ex. en visió: imatge retiniana)

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L’estímul proximal és informatiu de l’estímul distal, però el que processarem i interpretarem, ser l’estímul proximal.

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En què es basarà la nostra percepció?

La percepció suposa un problema invers (hi ha moltes combinacions):

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Problema directe: Sé les causes i puc derivar les conseqüències

Problema invers: No puc saber les causes, però puc inferir encara que hi hagi moltes opcions de resposta

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Experiència prèvia, es pot acabar sabent quin és el matís que té

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  • El percepte reflecteix propietats de l’estímul distal a partir d’un estímul proximal que pot ser variable i inestable
  • Un dels objectius de l’estudi de la percepció és entendre com obtenim percepcions acurades a partir d’estímuls proximals que poden ser inestables
  • Per solucionar el problema, sovint hi intervenen processos top-down

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Les il·lusions visuals són exemples de que el percepte no sempre es correspon amb l’estimulació física.

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Il·lusió òptica → tenen causes físiques.

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Il·lusió perceptiva → És una diferència a la que jo l’arribo, jo interpreto que els colors són diferents, o les línies són de diferent allargada.

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Els errors interpretatius sovint són conseqüència de l’aplicació automàtica de mecanismes que són adaptatius:

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Problema global de la percepció o problema de la correspondència psicofísica → Fins a quin punt la nostra percepció ens transmet fidelment la informació del món exterior?

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Per què no sempre es correspon el percepte amb l'estimulació?

Les limitacions del sistema visual:

  • Qualitatives: Il·lusions visuals
  • Quantitatives: hi ha límits a la capacitat de processar informació visual
  • Les més rellevants: Resolució espacial, resolució temporal, resolució espectral

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1.4 Determinants de la percepció:

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El que determinarà la nostra percepció són els factors relacionats amb l’estímul

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Factors de l’estímul: Normalment, la informació estimular és prou rica com per arribar a un percepte (bottom-up, g.p.d.)

  • Exemple: A les superfícies texturades, tenim la impressió que la superfície s’allunya. El gradient de textura ja es troba a l’estímul proximal.

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Enfoc ecològic (Gibson):  Emfatitza el paper de l’estímul en la percepció, deixant de banda l’experiència prèvia, l’aprenentatge i les representacions

  • Qüestiona validesa ecològica → Active perception (estudi de l’observador actiu) → Fer recerca on l'observador té un paper actiu
  • Informació invariant a l’entorn
  • Diferents sentits involucrats en una mateixa tasca

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Per a Gibson la percepció és directa, bottom-up, i depèn directament de la imatge retiniana, però no de processos top-down. La informació necessària per obtenir el percepte es deriva directament de l’entorn.

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Coneixement previ: Recuperem informació en memòria, especialment quan l’estímul és poc informatiu.

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1.5 Constància perceptiva (o invariàcia):

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La percepció depèn en gran part de l’estímul proximal, però ha de ser útil per a poder interactuar amb el món exterior. El sistema visual té mecanismes per compensar aquesta variabilitat que existeix entre la imatge retiniana i l’estímul distal.

1.6 Fisiologia bàsica del sistema visual:

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Retina central → cons = color

Retina intermèdia → majoria bastons

Retina perifèrica → principalment bastons

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No totes les retines són iguals

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Cons → cada un es connecta amb una única neurona bipolar i una única cèl·lula ganglionar → moltes fibres cap al nervi òptic = informació dels cons és molt més detallada

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Bastons → molts bastons convergeixen cap a una única neurona bipolar i una única cèl·lula ganglionar, i, per tant, una sola fibra òptica.

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Les cèl·lules ganglionars fan una sumació espacial a partir de la informació convergent dels fotoreceptors. La relació cons-cèl·lules ganglionars és sempre inferior (6-1 o menys) a la relació bastons-cèl·lules ganglionars (120-1).

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1. La visió mitjançant bastons permet tenir més sensibilitat en condicions de foscor.

  • Perquè es necessita menys llum per a generar una resposta en un bastó que en un con
  • Perquè els bastons tenen més convergència que els cons

2. La visió mitjançant cons permet apreciar millor els detalls.

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1.                                                                                                      2.

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L’agudesa visual és la capacitat que ens permet apreciar els petits detalls d’una imatge. Quan una imatge té molts detalls diem que té una freqüència espacial alta: Número de canvis per angle visual.

La relació entre agudesa visual i freqüència espacial és clara: A més agudesa visual, més sensibilitat a altes freqüències.

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Chapter 24: Forensic DNA Databases: Tools for Crime Investigation
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Introducing Rhetoric: Using the “Available Means”
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Chapter 5: Sensation and Perception
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Imperialism Rise in Nationalism • During the French and Industrial Revolution, nationalism continued to inspire nations to increase their political and economic power. • Nationalism became the ideal force in the political, economic, and cultural life in the world, becoming the first universal ideology-organizing all people into a nation state. Nationalism Defined • The strong belief that the interest of a particular nation-state is of primary importance. o Nation-State – a state where the vast majority shares the same culture and is conscious of it. It is an ideal in which cultural boundaries match up with political ones. • As an ideology, it is based on the idea that the individual’s loyalty and devotion to the nation-state surpass other individual/group interests. • Exalting one nation’s belief above all others and placing primary emphasis on promotion of its culture and interests, excluding the interests of others. Changing the World through a Nationalistic Vision • The French Revolution significantly changed the political world and how countries govern. • The Industrial Revolution significantly changed the economic world. • The Age of Imperialism (1870-1914) dramatically changed the political, economic, and social world. What is Imperialism? • Imperialism- The policy of extending the rule of authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies. Power and influence are done through diplomacy or military force. Reasons for Imperialism • There are 5 main motives for empires to seek to expand their rule over other countries or territories: 1. Exploratory • Imperial nations wanted to explore territory unknown to them. • The main purpose for this exploration of new lands was for resource acquisition, medical or scientific research. o Charles Darwin • Other reasons: o Cartography (map making) o Adventure 2. Ethnocentric • Europeans acted on the concept of ethnocentrism o Ethnocentrism- the belief that one race or nation is superior to others. • Ethnocentrism developed out of Charles Darwin’s “survival of the fittest” theory. Philosophers used the theory to explain why there were superior races and inferior races. o This became known as Social Darwinism. • Most imperial nations believed that their cultural values or beliefs were superior to other nations or groups. • Believed imperial conquest would bring successful culture to inferior people. 3. Religious • Imperial expansion promoted a religious movement of people setting out to convert new members of conquered territories. • With the belief that Christianity was superior, missionaries believed it was their duty to spread Christianity to the world. • Christian missionaries established churches, and in doing so, they spread Western culture values as well. • Typically, missionaries spread the imperial nation's language through education and religious interactions. 4. Political • Patriotism and Nationalism helped spur our imperial growth, thus creating competition against other supremacies. • It was a matter of national pride, respect, and security. • Furthermore, European rivalry spurred nations for imperial conquest. Since land equaled power, the more land a country could acquire the more prestige they could wield across the globe. • Empires wanted strategic territory to ensure access for their navies and armies around the world. • The empire believed they must expand, thus they needed to be defended. 5. Economic • With the Industrial Revolution taking place during the same time, governments and private companies contributed to find ways to maximize profits. • Imperialized countries provided European factories and markets with natural resources (old and new) to manufacture products. • Trading posts were strategically placed around imperialized countries to maximize and increase profits. o Such places as the Suez Canal in Egypt which was controlled by the British provided strategic choke hold over many European powers. o Imperial powers competed over the best potential locations for resources, markets, and trade. History of Imperialism • Ancient Imperialism 600 BCE-500 CE o Roman Empire, Ancient China, Greek Empire, Persian Empire, Babylonian Empire. • Middle Age Imperialism (Age of Colonialism-1400-1800s) o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Netherlands (Dutch), Russia. • Age of Imperialism 1870-1914 o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Japan, United States, Ottoman Empire, Russia. • Current Imperialism...? o U.S. Military intervention (i.e. Middle East) o Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine. Imperialism Colonialism • Refers to political or economic control, either legally or illegally. • Refers to where one nation assumes control over the other. • Creating an empire, expanding into neighboring regions and expanding the dominance far outside its borders. • Where a country conquers and rules over other regions for exploiting resources from the conquered country for the conqueror's benefit. • Foreign government controls/governs a territory without significant settlement. • Foreign government controls/governs the territory from within the land being colonized. • Little to no new settlement established on fresh territory. • Movement to settle to fresh territory. Age of Colonialism WHEN? • Started around the late 1400s and ended around the late 1700s/early 1800s. WHY? • Primary Reason: European countries, wished to find a direct trade route to Asia (China & India) and the East Indies. o Quicker and relatively more effective than land routes over Asia. • Secondary Reason: Empire expansion (land power) WHO? • Countries involved: Great Britain, France, Spain, the Dutch & Portugal. • Individuals’ knowns as Mercantilists believed that maintaining imperialized territory and colonizing the region could serve as a source of wealth, while personal motives by rulers, explorers, and missionaries could therefore promote their own agenda. o This agenda being “Glory, God and Gold”. Mercantilism • Mercantilism was a popular and main economic system for many European nations during the 16th to 18th centuries. • The main goal was to increase a nation’s wealth by promoting government rule of a nation’s economy for the purpose of enhancing state power at the expense of rival national power. • It was the economic counterpart of political absolutism. Why did mercantilists want colonies? • Mercantilists believed that a country must have an excess of exports over imports. • By colonizing territory, it provided the nation with indispensable wealth of precious raw materials. • Therefore, the claimed territory served as a market and supplier of raw materials for the mother country. Which, in time, provided an excess of exports for the nation and thus created wealth. o Development of Trading Companies to support this economic system. Hudson Bay Company – (1670). Controlled primarily North America. o Dutch East Indie Trading Company (1682) o East Indian Trading Company (1600) o Royal African Trade Company (1672) WHERE? • European nations begun to colonize the America, India and the East Indies to create a direct trade route. • Great Britain was the leading power in India, Australia and North America, South Africa. • Spain colonized central and South America. • French held Louisiana, coastal land of Africa and French Guinea. • The Dutch built an empire in the East Indies. • The Portuguese was able to take control of present-day Brazil and the southern tip of South America and Japan. Age of Colonialism • As countries started to imperialize these regions, eventually the concept of colonization took hold: • This is what makes the Age of Colonialism extremely different! End of Colonialism • By 1800, colonialism became less popular • Why? o Revolutions (Spain, France & American) o The Napoleonic Wars o Struggle for nationalism and democracy. o Exhausted all money and energy to supervise their colonies. Waiting to wake again • Imperialism would stay quiet for close to 50 years before Great Britain and France’s economies revitalized. • The outbreak of the Industrial Revolution only encouraged and revitalized European nations to begin their conquest for new territory and resources. Age of Imperialism THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA 1870-1914 Conditions Prior to Imperialism of Africa  European interest in exploiting Africa was minimal.  Their economic interests & profit in Africa primarily came through coastal trade that took place during the 1500-1700s.  The slave trade became the main source of European profit.  Furthermore, disease, political instability, lack of transportation and unpredictable climate all discouraged Europeans from seeking territory. Slave Trade & the Trans-Atlantic Slave Voyages  Forced labor was not uncommon during the 13-17th Centuries. Africans and Europeans had been trading goods and people across the Mediteranea for centuries.  This all changed from 1526 to 1867, as a new system of slavery was introduced that became highly “commercialized, racialized and inherited”  By 1690, the America and West Indies saw approximately 30,000 African people shipped from Africa. A century later, that number grew to 85,000 people per year.  By 1867, approximately 12.5 million people (about twice the population of Arizona) left Africa in a slave ship. What Changed? 1. End of the Slave Trade- Left a need for trade between Europe and Africa. 2. Innovation in technology- The steam engine and iron hulled boats allowed Europe 3. Discovery of new raw materials- Explorers located vast raw materials and resources and this only spurred imperialism with Europe in the wake of the Industrial Revolution. 4. Politics- Unification of Germany and Italy left little room to expand in Europe. Germany and Italy both needed raw materials to “catch up” with Britain and France so they looked to Africa. The Scramble for Africa  The scramble started in 1870.  Although some coastal land had previously been acquired before 1870, the need for territory quickly accelerated as European countries looked t get deeper into Africa.  Within 20 years, nearly all continents were placed under imperialistic rule. Who was Involved?  Great Britain  France  Germany  Italy  Portugal  Belgium  Spain (kind) Violent Affairs  Violence broke out multiple times when European nations looked to claim the same territory.  Germ Chancellor. Otto van Bismarck. Attempted to avert the possibility of violence against the European powers.  In 1884, Bismarck organized a conference in Berlin for the European nations. The Berlin Conference (1884-85)  The conference looked to set ground rules for future annexation of African territory by European Nations.  Annexation is the forcible acquisition and assertion of legal title over one state’s territory by another state, usually following military occupation of the territory.  From a distant perspective, it looked like it would reduce tensions among European nations and avert war.  At the heart of the meeting, these European countries negotiated their claims to African territory, made it official and then mapped their regions.  Furthermore, the leaders agreed to allow free trade among imperialized territory and some homework for negotiating future European claims in Africa was established. Further Path  After the conference, european powers continued to expand their claims in Africa so that by 1900. 90% of the African territory had been claimed. A Turn towards Colonization?  Upon the imperialization of African territory, European nations and little interest in African land unless it produced economic wealth.  Therefore, European governments put little effort and expertise into these imperialized regions.  In most cases, this emat a form of indirect rule. Thus, governing the natin without sufficient settlement and government from within the mother country. Some Exceptions  There were some exemptions through in Africa as colonization was a necessary for some regions i n Africa.  Some regions where diamonds and gold were present. Government looked to protectorate the regions and establish rule and settlement in the regions.  Protectorates: A state controlled and protected by another state for defense against aggression and other law violations. Would  Some examples include South Africa, Botswana, Zimbabwe and Congo. Conclusion  Although it may appear that the Berlin Conference averted war amid the African Scramble, imperialism eventually brought the world into worldwide conflict.  With the continued desire to create an empire by European nations. World War 1 would break out which can be linked to this quest at imperialism.
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