Insight vs Latent vs Observational Learning: Insight - sudden realization of a solution; Latent - learning without reinforcement; Observational - learning by observing others.

Classical Conditioning: Learning by association.

Cognition: Mental processes like thinking, memory, problem-solving.

Heuristics: Mental shortcuts.

Proactive vs Retroactive Interference: Proactive - old memories interfere with new; Retroactive - new memories interfere with old.

Convergent vs Divergent Thinking: Convergent - finding one correct answer; Divergent - generating multiple solutions.

Automatic Processing: Unconscious encoding of information.

Functional Fixedness: Inability to see objects as having multiple uses.

Yerkes-Dodson Law: Performance increases with arousal, but only up to a point.