Week 4 - Tissues
Page 1: Introduction
Chapter Title: The Human Tissues
Subject: Anatomy & Physiology
Edition: Tenth Edition by Kenneth S. Saladin
Publisher: McGraw Hill LLC, © All rights reserved.
Page 2: Overview of Tissue Types
Four Broad Categories of Tissues:
Epithelial Tissue: Covers body surfaces, lines cavities.
Connective Tissue: Supports and binds other tissues and organs.
Nervous Tissue: Transmits impulses and processes information.
Muscular Tissue: Responsible for body movement.
Organ: Structure with discrete boundaries made up of two or more tissue types.
Histology: Study of tissues and their organization into organs.
Page 3: Learning Outcomes on Tissues
Expected Learning Outcomes:
Identify the four primary classes of adult tissues.
Page 4: Understanding Tissue Classes
Definition of Tissue: Group of similar cells and products working together for specific roles.
Differences Among Primary Tissues:
Types and functions of cells.
Characteristics of the matrix (extracellular material).
Amount of space taken by cells vs. matrix.
Matrix Components:
Fibrous proteins and ground substance (water, gases, nutrients).
Also known as tissue fluid, extracellular fluid (ECF), interstitial fluid.
Page 5: Planes of Section
Types of Section:
(a) Longitudinal sections.
(b) Cross sections.
(c) Oblique sections.
Page 6: Epithelial Tissue Learning Goals
Expected Learning Outcomes:
Describe distinguishing properties of epithelium.
Classify eight types of epithelium by location in the body.
Explain structural-functional relationships in epithelial differences.
Visually recognize each epithelial type from specimens or photographs.
Page 7: Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue
Definition: Sheet of closely adhering cells, 1 or more cells thick.
Functions:
Covers body surfaces.
Lines body cavities.
Constitutes most glands.
Features:
Avascular, nourished by underlying connective tissue.
Page 8: Functions of Epithelial Tissue
Key Functions:
Protection: Prevents injury and infection to deeper tissues.
Secretion: Produces mucus, sweat, enzymes, hormones.
Excretion: Eliminates waste from tissues.
Absorption: Uptakes chemicals like nutrients.
Filtration: All substances exiting body are selectively filtered by epithelium.
Sensation: Nerve endings detect stimuli within epithelia.
Page 9: General Structure of Epithelia
Composition:
Cells close together, minimal extracellular material.
High mitosis rate in cells adjacent to connective tissue.
Basement Membrane:
Layer anchoring epithelium to underlying connective tissue, containing collagen and glycoproteins.
Page 10: Epithelial Cell Structure
Cell Surfaces:
Basal Surface: Faces basement membrane.
Apical Surface: Faces away from basement membrane.
Classification by Layers:
Simple Epithelia: Single layer with all cells anchored to the basement membrane.
Stratified Epithelia: Multiple layers, not all touching basement membrane.
Page 11: Cell Shapes and Epithelial Types
Epithelial Classifications: Recognition of shapes and types involved.
Page 12: Simple Epithelia Overview
Simple Epithelium: Single layer of cells, three types based on cell shapes:
Simple Squamous: Thin, scaly.
Simple Cuboidal: Squarish or rounded.
Simple Columnar: Tall and narrow.
Pseudostratified Columnar: Appears stratified but all cells touch the basement membrane; contains goblet cells.
Page 13: Simple Squamous Epithelium
Characteristics:
Thin layer allowing rapid diffusion.
Secretory functions.
Locations:
Alveoli, glomeruli, and endothelium.
Page 14: Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Characteristics:
Absorption, secretion, mucus production.
Locations:
Liver, thyroid, mammary glands, kidney tubules.
Page 15: Simple Columnar Epithelium
Characteristics:
Tall cells with nuclei at the basal half, can have microvilli or cilia.
Functions:
Absorption, secretion of mucus.
Locations:
GI tract, uterus, kidney, uterine tubes.
Page 16: Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
Characteristics:
Multilayered appearance, all cells contact the basement membrane.
Features cilia and goblet cells.
Functions:
Secretion and propulsion of mucus.
Locations:
Respiratory tract and portions of the male urethra.
Page 17: Stratified Epithelia Overview
Characteristics:
Composed of 2 to 20+ layers of cells; deepest layer contacts basement membrane.
Types Named By Surface Cell Shapes:
Stratified Squamous, Cuboidal, and Columnar.
Urothelium: Unique to urinary tract.
Page 18: Details of Stratified Epithelia
Stratified Squamous:
Most widespread; deepest cells are mitotically active.
Two Types:
Keratinized: On skin surface, abrasion resistant.
Nonkeratinized: Lines internal spaces without the dead cell layer.
Page 19: Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Characteristics:
Multiple cell layers, cells become flat toward the surface.
Functions:
Resists abrasion and prevents water loss.
Locations:
Epidermis, palms, soles.
Page 20: Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Characteristics:
Similar to keratinized but lacks the surface layer of dead cells.
Functions:
Resists abrasion and pathogen penetration.
Locations:
Tongue, oral mucosa, esophagus, vagina.
Page 21: Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
Characteristics:
Two or more layers, surface cells are square or round.
Functions:
Secretes sweat; produces ovarian hormones and sperm.
Locations:
Sweat gland ducts, ovarian follicles, seminiferous tubules.
Page 22: Urothelium (Transitional Epithelium)
Characteristics:
Multilayered with surface cells that transition shapes when stretched.
Functions:
Allows filling of urinary tract.
Locations:
Ureter and bladder.
Page 23: Introduction to Connective Tissue
Expected Learning Outcomes:
Compare properties of connective tissues and identify components.
Page 24: Overview of Connective Tissue
Defining Features:
Most abundant and variable tissue type, consisting predominantly of matrix.
Characteristics:
Cells are not usually in direct contact; vascularity varies.
Loose Connective Tissue: Many blood vessels.
Cartilage: Avascular.
Page 25: Functions of Connective Tissues
Main Functions:
Binding organs, support, physical protection, immune protection, movement, storage, heat production, and transport.
Page 26: Additional Functions of Connective Tissue
Continued Functions:
Storage of fat, calcium, phosphorus; role in metabolic heat generation.
Page 27: Fibrous Connective Tissue Introduction
Classification:
Grouped due to prominence of fibers.
Components:
Cells (fibroblasts, macrophages, leukocytes, etc.)
Page 28: Fibrous Connective Tissue Features
Components of Fibrous CT:
Fibers:
Collagenous: Tough, flexible, stretch-resistant.
Reticular: Thin and form frameworks for organs.
Elastic: Thinner, allow stretch and recoil.
Page 29: Tendons and Ligaments
Visual Reference: Image depicting tendons and ligaments access.
Page 30: Ground Substance in Connective Tissue
Definition: Featureless substance in which cells and fibers reside, often gelatinous or rubbery.
Contents: Contains glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and proteoglycans.
Page 31: Types of Fibrous Connective Tissue
Main Categories:
Loose Connective Tissue: Mainly ground substance (areolar, reticular).
Dense Connective Tissue: Mainly fibers (dense regular, dense irregular).
Page 32: Areolar Tissue
Characteristics:
Loosely organized fibers, abundant blood vessels.
Contains various cell and fiber types.
Functions:
Supports epithelia, passageways for nerves and blood vessels.
Page 33: Reticular Tissue
Characteristics:
Mesh of reticular fibers and fibroblasts.
Functions:
Supports lymphatic organs.
Locations:
Lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, bone marrow.
Page 34: Dense Regular Connective Tissue
Characteristics:
Packed parallel collagen fibers.
Compressed fibroblast nuclei.
Functions:
Provides strength and structure, attaches muscles to bones.
Locations:
Tendons and ligaments.
Page 35: Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
Characteristics:
Densely packed, randomly arranged collagen fibers.
Functions:
Resistant to unpredictable stresses.
Locations:
Deeper layer of skin, capsules around organs.
Page 36: Adipose Tissue Overview
Characteristics:
Dominated by adipocytes, with space occupied by loose connective tissues.
Functions:
Primary energy reservoir, insulation, cushioning.
Page 37: Adipose Tissue Features
Structure:
Cells have thin margins; nucleus pressed against membrane.
Functions:
Energy storage, insulation, cushioning.
Page 38: Cartilage Introduction
Definition:
Stiff connective tissue with flexible matrix.
Functions:
Shapes structure (ear, nose.
Page 39: General Features of Cartilage
Characteristics:
Avascular, slow healing; matrix rich in GAGs and collagen.
Types of Cartilage:
Hyaline, Fibrocartilage, Elastic.
Page 40: Hyaline Cartilage
Characteristics:
Clear, glassy appearance due to fine collagen fibers.
Functions:
Eases joint movement and supports airway.
Locations:
Articular surfaces, costal cartilage, trachea.
Page 41: Elastic Cartilage
Characteristics:
Contains numerous elastic fibers for flexibility.
Functions:
Provides elastic support.
Locations:
External ear, epiglottis.
Page 42: Fibrocartilage
Characteristics:
Has coarse bundles of collagen fibers for durability.
Functions:
Resists compression and absorbs shock.
Locations:
Pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs.
Page 43: Bone (Osseous Tissue)
Definition:
Calcified connective tissue forming the skeleton.
Page 44: Compact Bone Structure
Description:
Cylinders surrounding central canals through which blood vessels and nerves travel.
Page 45: Blood Tissue Overview
Definition:
Fluid connective tissue circulating through blood vessels.
Functions:
Transports cells, nutrients, wastes.
Page 46: Blood Components
Formed Elements:
Erythrocytes: Red blood cells, transport O2 and CO2.
Leukocytes: White blood cells, defend against infection.
Platelets: Cell fragments aiding in clotting.
Page 47: Nervous and Muscular Tissues Introduction
Learning Outcomes:
Define excitable tissues, their neuron and muscle types, and recognize them visually.
Page 48: Excitability Definition
Excitability:
Ability to respond to stimuli by altering membrane potential.
Page 49: Nervous Tissue Overview
Definition:
Specialized for communication via electrical and chemical signals.
Components:
Neurons (nerve cells) and neuroglia (supporting cells).
Neuron Structure:
Cell body, dendrites, axon (nerve fiber).
Page 50: Visual Reference for Neurons and Glial Cells
Neuronal Structure Visualized.
Page 51: Muscular Tissue Overview
Definition:
Specialized for contraction and force exertion.
Types:
Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth.
Page 52: Skeletal Muscle Characteristics
Definition:
Composed of long thin, multi-nucleated fibers.
Functions:
Voluntary movement.
Page 53: Cardiac Muscle Overview
Characteristics:
Short, branched cells with intercalated discs.
Functions:
Involuntary control, unique to heart.
Page 54: Smooth Muscle Overview
Characteristics:
Fusiform-shaped cells with central nucleus, no striations.
Functions:
Involuntary movement in hollow organs.
Page 55: Summary of Cellular Junctions and Membranes
Learning Outcomes:
Describe cellular junctions, glands, and membrane structures and functions.
Page 56: Cellular Junctions Defined
Definition:
Connections facilitating communication and mechanical stability between cells.
Page 57: Tight Junctions
Definition:
Interlocking connection preventing substances from passing between cells.
Function:
Seals intercellular space, found in epithelia.
Page 58: Desmosomes
Definition:
Patch holding cells together, resisting mechanical stress.
Page 59: Gap Junctions
Definition:
Channels that facilitate communication between cells.
Page 60, 61, 62: Structure of Cellular Junctions
Visual Illustrations:
Depict various types of cellular junctions and their components.
Page 63: Definition of Glands
Gland:
Cell/organs secreting substances within the body or for excretion.
Page 64: Exocrine and Endocrine Glands
Exocrine Glands:
Have ducts, secrete externally or internally.
Endocrine Glands:
Secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream without ducts.
Page 65: Gland Development
Visual Development Stages of Glands.
Page 66: Endocrine and Exocrine Gland Structure
Visual Structures of Glands.
Page 67: Modes of Exocrine Secretion
Types of Secretion:
Eccrine (Merocrine): Exocytosis.
Apocrine: Budding secretion.
Holocrine: Disintegrated whole cells.
Page 68: Visual Representation of Secretion Modes
Illustration of Exocrine Secretion Methods.
Page 69: Overview of Membranes
Types of Membranes:
Cutaneous, mucous, serous membranes.
Page 70: Histology of Mucous Membranes
Structure:
Epithelial layer, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae.
Page 71: Serous Membrane Structure
Definition:
Lines internal body cavities, has mesothelial layer.
Page 72: Tissue Growth and Repair Learning Goals
Objectives:
Describe tissue growth types, transitions, and repair methods.
Page 73: Types of Tissue Growth
Types:
Hyperplasia: Cell multiplication.
Hypertrophy: Increased cell size.
Neoplasia: Abnormal tissue growth (tumors).
Page 74: Tissue Development Overview
Definitions:
Differentiation: Specialization of tissue.
Metaplasia: Transition from one mature tissue type to another.
Page 75: Stem Cells and Their Function
Definition:
Undifferentiated cells with potential to become specialized.
Page 76: Tissue Repair Mechanisms
Methods:
Regeneration: Replacement by the same cell type.
Fibrosis: Replacement with scar tissue.
Page 77: Tissue Degeneration and Death
Concepts:
Atrophy: Shrinkage of tissue.
Necrosis: Pathological cell death.
Page 78: Illustrative Case of Dry Gangrene
Illustration on Diabetes-Related Gangrene.
Page 79: Apoptosis Defined
Description:
Programmed cell death for tissue homeostasis.
Page 80: Conclusion
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