Chapters 7-9 Exam Study Guide

6.4: Building Blocks of Life

Organic compounds always contain what element?

Carbon

Carbohydrates -

What are the functions?

They function as the central energy source for organisms.

What is the monomer?

Glucose

What is the compound ratio of Carbons, to Hydrogens, to Oxygens?

A ratio of 1 carbon to 2 hydrogen to 1 oxygen

Lipids -

What are the functions?

Their primary function is to store energy and prevent water loss in plants.

What is the monomer?

Monoglyceride

Proteins -

What are the functions?

They are responsible for the structural support of the cells, transporting substances within and between cells, signaling within and between cells, speeding up chemical reactions, and controlling cell growth.

What is the monomer?

Amino Acid

Describe the 4 protein structures and draw them.

Primary structure: amino acid chain

Secondary structure: helix or pleated sheet

Tertiary structure: mostly globular

Quaternary structure: combining of proteins

Nucleic Acids -

What are the functions?

They transmit and store genetic information.

What is the monomer?

Nucleotide

What are the two types and draw them?

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Vocabulary: (some of the vocabulary has already been defined by you above, so I didn’t rewrite them down here)

• Substrate: the surface or material on or from which an organism lives, grows, or obtains its nourishment.

• Inhibitor: a substance which slows down or prevents a particular chemical reaction or other process or which reduces the activity of a particular reactant, catalyst, or enzyme.

• Polymer: molecules made from repeating units of identical or nearly identical compounds called monomers.

Chapter 7: Cellular Structure and Function

7.1: Cell Discovery and Theory

Vocabulary:

• Cell: the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms.

• Plasma membrane: a special boundary that helps control what enters and leaves the cell.

• Eukaryotic Cell: contain a nucleus and other organelles.

• Prokaryotic Cell: do not have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles.

• Nucleus: the distinct central organelle that contains the cell’s genetic material.

• Organelle: specialized structures that perform specific cell functions.

1. What are the 3 principles of Cell Theory?

• All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.

• Cells are the basic unit of structure and organization of all living organisms.

• Cells arise only from previously existing cells, with cells passing copies of their genetic material onto their daughter cells.

7.2: The Plasma Membrane

Vocabulary:

• Phospholipid bilayer: two layers of phospholipids arranged to allow the membrane to exist in a watery environment.

• Transport protein: move substances and wastes through the membrane.

• Selectively permeable: some substances are able to pass through the membrane, while other substances are not able to pass through.

1. Which of the following is the correct structure of the Plasma Membrane? A.

2. What is Cholesterol’s job inside the plasma membrane?

Cholesterol prevents the fatty acid tails of the phospholipid bilayer from sticking together and it contributes to the fluidity of the membrane.

1. True or False: True

   1. The plasma membrane is a very important structure in keeping Homeostasis in the cell?

7.3: Cellular Transport

Vocabulary:

• Diffusion: the net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration.

• Dynamic Equilibrium: molecules continue to move, but the concentration remains the same.

• Facilitated Diffusion: uses transport proteins to move ions and small molecules across the plasma membrane.

• Osmosis: the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

• Active transport: Movement of particles across the cell membrane, against the concentration gradient that requieres energy.

• Endocytosis: the process by which a cell surrounds an object in the outside environment in a portion of the plasma membrane.

• Exocytosis: the excretion of materials at the plasma membrane.

1. True or False: False

   1. Additional energy is required for diffusion.

2. If a cell was placed in the following solutions, what would happen to the cell?

   1. Hypotonic solution - The cell would burst.

   2. Isotonic solution - The cell remains balanced.

   3. Hypertonic solution - The cell would shrivel up.

3. Protein pumps/carrier proteins are an example of what kind of transport and why?

They are an example of active transport since they are part of the process of active transport itself.

7.4: Structures and Organelles - nothing!

Chapter 8: Cellular Energy

8.1: How Organisms Obtain Energy

Vocabulary:

• Energy: – the ability to do work.

• Metabolism: All of the chemical reactions in a cell.

• Photosynthesis: anabolic pathway in which light energy from the Sun is converted to stored chemical energy for use by the cell

• Cellular respiration: catabolic pathway in which organic molecules are broken down to release energy for use by the cell

• adenosine triphosphate (ATP): the most important biological molecule that provides chemical energy.

1. What are the 2 Laws of Thermodynamics?

- First Law—The Law of Conservation of Energy: Energy can be converted from one form to another, but it cannot be created or destroyed.

- Second Law: Energy cannot be converted without the loss of usable energy; that is, entropy—disorder or unusable energy—increases.

1. Fill in the blank:

   1. Catabolic Pathways release energy by breaking down larger molecules.

   2. Anabolic Pathways use energy to build larger molecules.

8.2: Photosynthesis

Vocabulary:

• Thylakoid: flattened saclike membranes

• Granum (plural: grana): Stacks of thylakoids

• Stroma: fluid-filled space outside the grana

• Pigments: Light-absorbing colored molecules

• Calvin Cycle: the second stage of photosynthesis in which energy is stored in organic molecules such as glucose.

1. What are the 2 phases of photosynthesis?

Light-dependent phase and Light-independent phase

1. Which color do most plant pigments reflect instead of absorb?

Green

1. True or False: True

   1. The Calvin Cycle requires energy to function.

2. What are the reactants of Light Reactions (Phase 1)?

Light and H2O

1. What are the products of Light Reactions (Phase 1)?

Water

1. What are the reactants of the Calvin Cycle (Phase 2)?

Carbon Dioxide

1. What are the products of the Calvin Cycle (Phase 2)?

Sugar

1. True or False: True

   1. CAM Plants collect CO₂ at night instead of the daytime so that they don’t lose all of the water that they have inside?

• Make sure you understand the basic processes of light-dependent reactions and the Calvin Cycle -

8.3: Cellular Respiration

Vocabulary:

• Anaerobic Process: process where oxygen isn’t required

• Aerobic Respiration: involves the Krebs cycle and electron transport

• Aerobic Process: process where oxygen is required.

• Glycolysis: Glucose is broken down in the cytoplasm through this process

• Krebs Cycle: The series of reactions in which pyruvate is broken down into carbon dioxide

• Fermentation: The anaerobic process that follows glycolysis is anaerobic respiration

1. What are the 2 main parts of Cellular Respiration?

Glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle

1. Where in the cell do most of the steps of cellular respiration take place?

The Mitochondria

1. What are the products of Glycolysis?

Two molecules of ATP and two molecules of NADH.

1. What are the products of the Krebs Cycle?

Acetyl CoA and Citric Acid

1. Fill in the blank:

   1. Fermentation occurs when oxygen is absent or in limited supply.

• Make sure you understand the basic processes of Glycolysis, the Krebs Cycle, and Fermentation -